Official Code: | 9847 |
Acronym: | MIMV |
To enable the students: - To understand and use basic principles of classical and modern physics that are relevant to the biological sciences. -To be familiar with examples taken from the life sciences that illustrat how these basic principles are applied. - To recognize the clarity and simplicity of many biophysical descriptions of a multitude of mechanisms that are key to our understanding of physical chemistry, biochemistry, molecular biology and physiology. - To acquire the tools and to develop the competences needed to solve simple problems that are frequently multidisciplinary in nature.
Aims:
Students should acquire the basic concepts of the structure and functionality of the animal cell.
The student must acquire the following capacities/knowledge: morphological, structural and functional organization of chromosomes, mutations that can change this organization and application of these knowledge to veterinary pathology and evolution of species.
The general aim is to sensitize students for the importance of the study of animal behavior in its theoretical and application aspects. It is intended to promote the learning of fundamental concepts on animal behavior: (1) to analyze, in a historical perspective, the beginning of the systematized study of animal behavior; (2) to present the main behavioral systems which are common to several species and essential to survival that also imply inter-individual cooperation; (3) to analyze the biological bases of behavior in an ontogenetic perspective; (4) to know the practical applications of Ethology; (5) to implement the use of ethical rules when working with animals. Students will develop discussions: (1) to reinforce acquired knowledge; (2) to promote reflection and discussion capacities.
The aim of this course is to familiarise first year students with basic mathematical/statistical concepts and techniques essential for formulating and understanding models in biology.
1. To rationalize living systems in terms of basic Chemistry principles. To present Biological Chemistry as a mere subset of Chemistry.
2. To correlate knowledge from Organic and Inorganic Chemistry with Biological Chemistry.
3. To aquire specific knowledge about biological molecules and and cellular chemistry organization.
To learn basic ecological and agriculture concepts that will help to comprehend environmental phenomena with veterinary relevance.
Systematic Anatomy I unit, is the first of three disciplines (distributed sequentially over time) taught to students of the Department of Anatomy MIMV ICBAS / UP that comprise the "Anatomical Course".
The main objective of the "Anatomical Course" is the teaching of the normal morphology of domestic animals. The Systematic Anatomy courses are focused in the systematic study of body systems as well as the acquisition of an anatomical language / terminology. Clinical anatomy on the other hand aims to relate the topographical anatomical aspects with medical and surgical procedures.
In Systematic Anatomy I the following major anatomical chapters of domestic animals are addressed in a systematic perspective: a) Locomotor system, ie the teaching of the bones, joints and muscles, (osteology, arthrology and miology) b) Central Nervous System Central c) Peripheral Nervous System (spinal nerves). The dog is used as anatomical model and comparison with other domestic animals, which include horses, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, cats and lagomorphs (rabbits), is done.
To study the normal function of biological systems in mammals with emphasis on the homeosthatic mechanisms
To learn about: The struture and resplication fo the genetic material and its organization within the nucleous - the organization of genes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes - the irnformation contained within the genome and how it is transcribed - what are the types of RNA molecules - the mechanisms of RNA processing - the basic and advance recombinant DNA techniques - the mechanisms of gene regulation in prokaryotes and eurkaryotes - viruses and oncogenes.
The main objective is to teach the structure of cells, tissues and organs, mostly at the level of light microscopy. It is intended to furnish basis for a better understanding of Physiology, Biochemistry, Immunology and Pathology are furnished. The practical component consists of the study of cells, tissues and organs, under light microscope, by using different staining techniques.
1. To rationalize living systems in terms of basic Chemistry principles. To present Biological Chemistry as a mere subset of Chemistry.
2. To correlate knowledge from Organic and Inorganic Chemistry with Biological Chemistry.
3. To aquire specific knowledge about biological molecules and and cellular chemistry organization.
The main goal of Systematic Anatomy II is the teaching and learning, under a systematic perspective, of the following chapters: splanchnology, angiology, neuroanatomy (cranial nerves, autonomic nervous system and endocrine glands) and sense organs. The dog is used as the reference animal model but the anatomy of other domestic animals (cat, horse, cow, sheep, goat and pig) is also studied.
Cellular metabolism is an integrated set of chemical reactions that aims to produce energy and uses it to synthesize the building blocks for protein, lipid and carbohydrate production. The Biochemistry subject aims at studying the cellular metabolism and the molecular mechanisms underlying its regulation, as well as the signal transduction pathways used to receive, process, amplify and integrate extracellular signals.
Study of the physiological mechanisms in the different groups of animals relevant to the veterinary medicine practice. Students must acquire abilities in the areas of the nervous, digestive and reproductive system and integrate them with the morphologic knowledge in a way to use an global approach to the problems that they will find later in the pre-clinic and clinic curricular units.
Provide the students with the knowledge of the fundamental principles of Animal Breeding as an intervening tool in Animal Welfare and Production.
Continuing the unit of Histology and Embryology Animal I, the aims are teach the differential microanatomy of the organs and to understand their histophysiology, based on the study of species of veterinary interest. Addiitonally, we promote as understanding the usefulness of cytology as a diagnostic tool, exemplifying the characteristics of cytological preparations from different organs.We want the students to learn the descriptive embryology of species of veterinary interest.
Infectious diseases are amongst the most important diseases affecting domestic animals. It competes to a veterinarian to recognize and control them. To be able to do so, a veterinarian must understand the microbiology as well as the pathogenesis and epidemiology of the disease. Veterinary microbiology is a subject that will focus on morphological aspects, mechanisms of pathogenicity and laboratory diagnosis of microorganisms, with particular emphasis on animal health and zoonoses. At the end of the course, it is expected that students know and understand: 1. The main characteristics of bacteria, fungi, viruses and prions 2. The concepts of pathogenesis of the different microorganisms 3. The main methodologies used in laboratory diagnosis as well as for sampling 4. The main methods used for isolating and identifying viruses, bacteria and fungi
The major aims of the Clinical Anatomy curriculum are to acquire knowledge and to understand the topographic anatomy of carnivores, equines and bovines. The purpose is to develop the ability to reason from an anatomical basis in to the solution of clinical problems and providing the anatomical features that are the basis of medical, diagnostic and surgical procedures. The acquisition of anatomical knowledge on rabbit and avian morphology is also a goal of the subject.
1. To enlighten the students regarding professional rights and duties, according to deontological and ethical rules described in the Portuguese Veterinary Deontologic Code and relevant literature in animal bioethics; 2. To describe the national and international animal welfare regulations in the context of professional ethics and responsibility of all veterinary surgeons.
As result of the learning process the student should be able:
To make available basic knowledge that provides a better understanding of the general economic questions and specifically within agricultural and animal production
To understand the problematical aspects as a manager for a global vision of the business and putting at their disposal a package of instruments and techniques for analysis whose goal is to support the decision-making process.
To characterize the Common Agricultural Policy by identifying its goals, understanding its evolution and the various mechanisms for intervention.
1. Acquisition of knowledge and skills on fundamental immunology, emphasizing the particular specificities of different domestic animals. 2. Acquisition of skills helpful for a better understanding of basic and advanced bibliographic information in the area of immunology. 3. Acquisition and development of rational mechanisms useful for the interpretation of immunological data and resolution of immunological problems. 4. Acquisition of skills for self-oriented study, including the correct usage of specific databases. 5. Improvement of communication skills regarding oral and written transmission of knowledge. 6. Acquisition of skills and knowledge on specific immunological diagnostic techniques. 7. Improvement of laboratory skills.
Give students the knowledge of the fundamental principles of Animal Nutrition.
The general objective of the Veterinary Parasitology Course is to provide to the students a broad knowledge of the main parasites and parasitosis afflicting domestic animals in Portugal. It is also intended that students develop critical capacity and self-learning attitudes.
General Pathology studies the basic principles of pathophysiology necessary for the understanding of animal disease processes. This subject is concerned with the mechanisms underlying disease processes, as manifested by morphologic (gross, cellular, and ultrastructural), physiologic, and biochemical changes. The main objective involves the "Scientific study of disease" and “deals with knowledge of what causes disease, how disease starts, progresses and it explains the reason for signs and symptoms of patient “. To study the structural and functional changes of disease, and to accomplish that task it is a need to have a basic knowledge of normal Anatomy (structure) and Physiology (function), as well as Histology to understand Pathology. Building up your knowledge of "normal" Anatomy, Physiology and Histology may possibly make light to the very confusing situation that can occur due to the reduced amount of knowledge on clinical experience to be acquired in later years. With the introduction to case studies we pretend to develop skills of observation, interpretation, and integration needed to analyze animal disease. When provided with a clinical history, anatomical lesions and some laboratory data of the animal, to determine the most likely diagnosis and to explain the pathogenesis of the disease. In 30 tutorial lectures it is impossible to cover all of the subject material in a very extensive way. The student must read and learn as much as possible from the book to improve his/her knowledge. It is recommended that they read the recommended bibliography textbooks. They can accomplish this by reading 10 pages per day, every day, from beginning of the year to the final exam day. They can supplement this reading with relevant literature find in the online libraries. Lectures serve as an extra to your reading. The main purposes of tutorial lectures are: to make available the latest information that is not yet present in the textbooks; to help separate crucial material from dispensable, and to add wideness to the course by presenting matter and insights not accessible Further reading of a textbook is expected to gain wider and deeper knowledge Attendance in tutorials lectures is mandatory, being considered an factor of continued evaluation.
To provide students with an understanding of systematic pathology including etiology and pathogenesis of the diseases of domestic and farm animals, as well as some exotic animals, as they relate to veterinary practice. A basic understanding of histopathology and gross pathology of pathological processes involving the alimentary system, liver, pancreas and salivary glands, peritoneum, skin and cardiovascular system. Necropsy technique with sample selection, collection and sending to histopathology laboratory.
To provide students with knowledge in General Pharmacology, with special reference to drug mechanisms of action (from molecules to the system), pharmacokinetics, relation of mechanisms of action to clinical response, side effects, clinical problems and toxicity and its use in Veterinary Therapeutics.
1. Provide the student with the knowledge about the diagnostic imaging techniques in use in clinical practice of small animals, equines and exotic pets, namely radiology, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and scintigraphy. 2. Provide the students the knowledge so they can perform and interpret radiographies and ultrasound exams and to identify images obtained by CT, MRI and scintigraphy.
To understand the production systems in which animal species with greater commercial importance are explored and in which students, in the near future, as veterinarians, will participate.
Techniques and methods of diagnosis and clinic exploration that demand the application of surgical ways. It transmits knowledge on techniques and methods of semiologic diagnosis applied for surgery and care of pré, intra and postoperative.
The "Semiologia Médica de Animais de Companhia" subject is to
develop in the students, skills to realize clinical history and animal exploration methodologies to recognize the signs of disease in companion animals.
To provide students with an understanding of systematic pathology including etiology and pathogenesis of the diseases of companion and farm animals, as well as some exotic animals, as they relate to veterinary practice. A basic understanding of histopathology and gross pathology of various organs and tissues of respiratory, urinary, nervous, bones, muscles, genital and lymphoid systems. To demonstrate how identification of pathological changes relate to the diagnosis and prognosis of disease. Importance of neoplasic diseases and the most important and relevant aspects to clinical practitioner. Importance and interpretation of histopathological reports.
Equip students with fundamental knowledge of anesthesiology and analgesia, to enable them to practice the most common anesthetics and analgesics protocols used in several animal species .
Enable students to distinguish and resolve the possible systemic complications that may occur during an anesthetic protocol.
Trasmit to students the procedures and means to identify and eliminate pain in the practice of veterinary medicine.
Provide students with scientific knowledge to facilitate their permanent practice update, and thus be able to follow scientific and technological innovations that occur in this area.
Provide students with knowledge in Systemic Pharmacology, with relevance to drugs used to treat specific pathological entities of each organ or system, and important agents used to control infections and infestations of microbial agents (bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, etc.). In the approach of each drug group makes up a special reference to the mechanism of action (from molecules to the system), the pharmacokinetics, the relationship of the mechanism of action to clinical response, side effects, clinical problems and toxicity, as well as its clinical relevance to veterinary therapy.
1 – To transmit and develop knowledge about specific infectious diseases in poultry, pigs and pets (dog, cat): etiological (s) agent (s), epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, differential diagnosis, correct application and interpretation of diagnostic tests, treatment and prophylaxis (including the development of appropriate immunization practices/schemes).
2 – To raise awareness about the differences in approach of infectious diseases in situations of individual animals (eg dog, cat) versus groups of animals (livestock), taking into account factors such as affective value, cost-effectiveness, specific conditions of animals destined for consumption (public health), among others. Sensitize students to the extreme importance of addressing each case / situation individually.
3 - To contribute to the training of clinical reasoning as well as communication skills at various levels (technical, scientific, owners of pets or farmers).
4 – To inform about the legal framework of some infectious diseases, such as notifiable diseases: Veterinary Authorities at National (DGAV), European and International level; exemplification of National Programs for Control and Eradication of Diseases.
5 – To allow the acquisition of knowledge and interaction with professionals of specific areas, including veterinary professionals of exotic species, of wild animals and a Municipal veterinary officer (lectures by invited experts).
To understand the production systems in which animal species with greater commercial importance are explored and in which students, in the near future, as veterinarians, will participate.
Management practices of livestock species and horses. Knowledge of clinical signs of disease in livestock animals and horses of interest. Nomenclature of clinical exam. Clinical exam. Features, pathophysiology, history, the physical examination. Knowledge and practice protocols for the investigation of major organ systems. Laboratory procedures for blood, bone marrow and urine analysis.
The student must achieve theoretical and practical knowledge on the current surgical techniques used in equine, bovine and swine species. The student must be able to select the anesthetic protocols as well as the pre and post therapeutic protocols to differente clinical situations.
It is intended that students acquire detailed knowledge about the nature of epidemiology, its foundations and how to operate the characterization and study of animal diseases. The aim is also to know the principles, methods and organizational forms used in the management and control of animal health and to establish relationships between the epidemiology and veterinary public health.
Knowledge of the pathophysiology, clinical signs, diagnostic methods and therapeutic principles of the diseases of horses.
The study of infectious diseases is based in a multidisciplinary approach integrating concepts of microbiology, pathogenesis, immunology, epidemiology together with clinical and pathological presentation.
This course focuses on diseases of animals with economic and social impact in Portugal and in the EU. The study of its epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathology, diagnosis, and prevention and public health aspects aims to provide skills to the students to undertake clinical practice courses.
The global perspective of animal health and disease control by the implementation of national and international regulations, directs to the comprehension of infectious diseases principles, its emergence, zoonotic infections as well as the one health concept. These are aimed at a professional capacitation that is based in the collaboration of different specialties that include medical, biological among other areas of knowledge.
The students should be able to describe, in a critical way, the needed characteristics of the main food industry raw materials, processes and equipments, including the phases of collecting, harvesting or catching, preservation, transport, processing, packaging and presentation and selling of food products, and also general procedures of maintenance and hygiene of several materials and equipments and of their quality evaluation during the whole production process. Focus is mainly on products with origin in terrestrial animals, as it is the most traditional scope of the Veterinary Medicine, but some training is also made on all other food items, including mainly seafood, following the recent tendency of the professional performances of the Veterinarians already working on Portuguese and European realities.
KNOWLEDGE: To get 1) knowledge on fundamental concepts of toxicology and ecotoxicology and the capability of applying them to different situations and contexts; 2) knowledge and training on classical and novel approaches, methods and techniques.
COMPETENCES: To (1) stimulate and develop the aptitude of students for scientific research and to get scientific knowledge; (2) develop the ability of students to integrate and use the knowledge and training obtained in the scope of previous courses when addressing toxicological and ecotoxicological problems.
ATTITUDES: To (1) stimulate and develop the critical capability of students; (2) stimulate and develop the capability of working in a team, in an integrated and multidisciplinary perspective; (3) develop the capability of communicate in distinct contexts and to different types of audience; (4) promote the acquisition of responsible and ethically correct attitudes.
1. Surgical Pathology knowledge of small animals: nomina, surgical techniques, etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, surgical treatments.
2. Practice routine surgical protocols in veterinary clinic of small animals
The teaching of the discipline is mainly based in theorectical and theorico-practical work, in order to allow students to participate from the start of the 5th year, in the understandig and following of the clinical cases that are observed in the ICBAS veterinary clinic's, regardless of the speciality, with a solid base of knowlledge. With this principle, the main objectives relate mostly with the knowllege of the most relevant diseases of companion animals, teached by organs or systems, comprising its aetiology, pathophisiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, therapeutic management and prognostic factors. In the practical part of the discipline, the therorectical information will be complemented with the application of ancillary diagnostic methods to the various systems, their advantages and risks.
Objectives:
- To provide students information about etiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, therapy and prevention of farm animals diseases
- To inform students about the impact of these diseases in the farm economy and how appropriate measures can reduce or eliminate that impact
After sucessfully completion of the course, the students will be able to make the diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of the most important parasitic diseases that afect the prodution animals and pets with special attencion to zoonoses. For that we have two big aereas: Prodution animals ( rabbits, birds, swines, equines, bovines, sheep and goats) an Pets (dogs, cats, and exotics).For each of those animals each parasitic disease will be treated considering : etiology, life-cycle, epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical signs, lesions post-mortem, diagnosis, treatment control and prevention. For the sucessfull solution of the diferents problems we always use the elements that we relate before and join them with the diferent prodution sistems, welfare animal, environment, farmacology alternatives and economic factors.
The purpose it to equip students with the concepts and fundamentals of Veterinary Public Health (SPV) as it is understood at present. The teaching includes knowledge of the political, economic and social framework needed to understand the SPV. The students, at the end of the course, shall have the interpretive keys to enable them to understand and meet the expectations of society towards the performance of veterinarians in the exercise of their profession. The contents of the discipline addresses the scientific, technical and legal relevant issues as well as the methodologies adopted to ensure food safety, animal health and welfare of the animals thus contributing to the high levels of public health that European citizens rightly expect from the systems of food production and the food chain as a whole.
Courses examine (i) the current practices on cattle, pig and poultry slaughtering and on milk, eggs, fish and meat processing, (ii) the safety and nutritional value of foods and means of production, processing, preservation, distribution and utilization and (iii) the treatment of wastewater and animal by-products. After successfully completion of the course, the students should dominate technical and legislation contents and should have acquired theoretical and practical skills in the management of foods.
AIMS 1.To provide fundamental concepts of Food Hygiene and Meat Inspection and their relations with Public Health; 2.To provide scientific, technical and legal support of Food hygiene. 3.To promote professional training of students in Food hygiene, in Animal and Public Health. 4.To stimulate the capacity of working from a multi-disciplinary perspective, using the knowledge acquired in other disciplines.
The objective of the discipline is to improve the student’s capacity to apply clinical skils learned in pre-clinical disciplines , as well as to develop clinical thinking and its application in real situations. The work with real cases presented to the UPVet - Veterinary Clinics of the University of Porto, under the supervision of senior staff (teachers and practitioners), allows for the development of communication skills, as well as ethical principles of clinical practice, as important as technical abilities. The activities on hopitalized animals, once again under senior staff supervision, allows for the development of an individual responsability awareness and team work, which constitute the basis of the veterinary clinical activity.
The objective of the discipline is to improve the student’s capacity to apply clinical procedures, as well as to develop clinical thinking and its application in real situations. The work with real cases in ambulatory clinics allows the development of clinical skills as well as communication skills.
Acquire knowledge in theriogenology of dairy cattle, dogs, cats and know to relate them. To Know:
Objective 1: Female
a. Characteristics of the estrous cycle
b. To perform clinical and genital examination and use of complementary diagnostic techniques
c. Perform reproductive management and associated techniques (hormonal assays, insemination, ultrasound)
d. To perform pregnancy diagnosis
e. To diagnose and treat: abnormalities of the estrous cycle, pregnancy; ovarian, uterine, mammary gland and periparturient diseases; main causes of infectious and non-infectious infertility
f. To calculate and interpret reproductive indexes in dairy farms
h. To use the protocols to manipulate estrous cycle;
i. Utility of reproductive biotechnologies
Objective 2: Male
j . Breeding soundness evaluation
k . Perform the evaluation of fresh/chilled /frozen semen
l. Prepare cooled and frozen semen
m. Diagnose and treat major diseases of the testes, accessory glands and most common causes of reproductive failure.
Make known the general principles of the European Food Law (Regulation (EC) 178/2002): integrated framework ("farm to fork"), responsibility (greater involvement of all stakeholders), transparency (information provided to authorities), cooperation (product withdrawal) and harmonization (European citizenship).
Recognize the Risk Analysis as the cornerstone of food security. Have a formal knowledge of risk assessment, risk management and risk communication. Understand the benefits of directly linking potential food-derived hazards with epidemiological data about Human health. Understand that this rational method reduces the incidence of food-borne diseases, stimulates continuous improvement in food safety, and strengthens consumer protection and, as such, global trade.
Make known the general hygiene rules applying to all foodstuffs (Regulation (EC) 852/2004) and the specific hygiene rules for products of animal origin (Regulation (EC) 853/2004). Also, make known the specific rules for the organization of official controls on products of animal origin (Regulation (EC) 854/2004).
Briefly explain the scientific basis that supports European food legislation, as well as the flexibility needed to accommodate the specific needs of certain establishments.
Explain why and how the nature and intensity of the official controls should be based on the assessment of public health risks, animal health and welfare, where possible, on the type and throughput of the processes carried out and on the food business operator concerned.
The transmission of theoretical knowledge and the technical preparation of students on veterinary inspective acts that fall in i) poultry meat, lagomorphs meat, wild game and farmed game meat, ii) minced meat, mechanically separated meat, meat preparations, meat products and processed fishery products, iii) live bivalve molluscs, fishery products and processed fishery products, iv) eggs and eggproducts, v) milk and dairy products, vi) honey and vii) frogs' legs and snails.
Be aware that in addition to ant, in and post-mortem inspection, the official veterinarian is also responsible for i) animal welfare (Regulation (EC) 1099/2009) and ii) specified risk material and other animal by-products (Regulation (EC) 1069/2009).
Preparing students for conducting audits of good hygiene practices and hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP)-based procedures in food business operators, checking in a very generic way i) traceability and food-chain information, ii) the design and maintenance of premises and equipment, iii) pre-operational, operational and post-operational hygiene, iv) personal hygiene and training in hygiene and in work procedures, v) pest control, vi) water quality and vii) temperature control.
Practical exercises about microbiological analysis of foodstuffs collected in various stages of preparation, processing, packaging, storage and distribution. At the end, students are encouraged to interpret the results considering both microbiological standards and legal requirements, i.e. criteria for foodstuffs and Process hygiene criteria (Regulation (EC) 1441/2007).
After successfully completion of the course, the students should dominate legislation contents and should have acquired theoretical and practical skills to perform quality evaluation in regard to food hygiene and safety, nutritional value, sensory aspects, storage stability, convenience, economical value and social perceptiveness.
The objective of the discipline is to improve the student’s capacity to apply clinical skils learned in pre-clinical disciplines , as well as to develop clinical thinking and its application in real situations. The work with real cases presented to the UPVet - Veterinary Clinics of the University of Porto, under the supervision of senior staff (teachers and practitioners), allows for the development of communication skills, as well as ethical principles of clinical practice, as important as technical abilities. The activities on hopitalized animals, once again under senior staff supervision, allows for the development of an individual responsability awareness and team work, which constitute the basis of the veterinary clinical activity.
The objective of the discipline is to improve the student’s capacity to apply clinical procedures, as well as to develop clinical thinking and its application in real situations. The work with real cases in ambulatory clinics allows the development of clinical skills as well as communication skills.
General: To provide the student with information related to reproductive management and clinical equine and farm animal theriogenology.
After completion of the program, students should be able to
Ruminants:
• Perform a BSE of the male (clinical examination, semen collection and evaluation, libido testing)
• Surgical castration
• Vasectomy and epidydectomy
• Pregnancy diagnosis in small ruminants(ultrasound)
• AI in the ewe (cervical)
• Estrus synchronization in ewes
Optional: IVF and embryo cryopreservation
Equine:
• Estrus detection
• Gynecological examination of the mare
• Clitoral and endometrial collection of samples
• Execution and interpretation of endometrial cytology
• Interpretation of reproductive ultrasonographies
• BSE of the stallion (external genitalia, semen collection and evaluation)
• Artificial insemination
• Chilled semen processing
Optional: embryo collection and transfer; embryo freezing
Swine:
• Pregnancy diagnosis (ultrasonography)
• Collection and evaluation of semen
• Artificial insemination
• Surgical castration of the boar