Laboratory of Fluids and Energy

Code:

M.EM034

Acronym:

LFE

Keywords
Classification	Keyword
OFICIAL	Fluids and Energy

Instance: 2021/2022 - 2S

Active?	Yes
Responsible unit:	Fluids and Energy Division
Course/CS Responsible:	Master in Mechanical Engineering

Cycles of Study/Courses

Acronym	No. of Students	Study Plan	Curricular Years	Credits UCN	Credits ECTS	Contact hours	Total Time
M.EM	36	Syllabus	1	-	6	39	162

Teaching language

English

Objectives

 In a world of growing demand in terms of job performance, it is necessary for the future engineers to have a well grounded knowledge in a wide range of scientific areas. To this objective, the laboratory classes are important because in them the theoretical concepts are reconciled with practice, contributing thus to consolidate the knowledge acquired in other courses. SPECIFIC AIMS: 1. Perform general and detailed uncertainty analysis calculations.
2. Choose the most appropriate temperature, velocity and flow measurement system for a given application.
Computer Skills
3. Use the EES program to carry out general analysis of uncertainty and also comparing, whenever possible, the results of the mathematical model with the experimental results.
Experimental Competencies (e.g.)
4. Experimentally determine some rheological characteristics of a viscoelastic fluid and adjust generalized Newtonian models to the viscosity curve obtained in a simple  shear flow.
5. Experimentally  determine convection and drag coefficients.
6. Measure velocities and flow rates using a standard Pitot tube and the  Log-linear method, or orifice plates and other flow meters.
7. Experimentally determine the head, efficiency  and power curves, both  dimensional and dimensionless, of centrifugal pumps at different speeds of rotation.
Transversal Competencies
8. Write technical reports.
9. Perform group work

Learning outcomes and competences

At the end of this subject students shall be able to: -Perform uncertainty analysis calculations. -Use the ESS program to perform general uncertainty analyzes and simulate some of the phenomena present in the experimental studies. -Select temperature, velocity and flow rate measuring systems for a given application. -Write technical reports. -Determine experimentally some rheological characteristics of a viscoelastic fluid. Fit generalized Newtonian models, such as the five parameters Carreau-Yasuda model, to the experimental shear viscosity curve. -Use flow meters such as the venturi, the orifice plate and rotameter and calculate their experimental pressure drop coefficients. -Measure local flow velocities using a standard Pitot tube. -Setting a given flow rate using a frequency inverter, recognizing the energy savings associated with this method. -Determine experimentally curves of head, efficiency and power of centrifugal pumps. -Measure temperatures by means of thermocouples using only a voltmeter and the thermocouple curve. -Experimentally determine convection and drag coefficients.

Working method

Presencial

Pre-requirements (prior knowledge) and co-requirements (common knowledge)

Students should have knowledge inherent to the following curricular units, or equivalent: EM0016 Numerical Analysis EM0019 Thermodynamics I EM0024 Thermodynamics II EM0029 Fluid Mechanics I EM0034 Fluid Mechanics II EM0037 Heat Transfer

 

Program

SELF-DIDACTIC LEARNING OF THE FOLLOWING CONTENTS (AVAILABLE IN SLIDES)

EXPERIMENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF UNCERTAINTIES

Basic concepts and definitions. Uncertainty of a measured variable, general uncertainties analysis, planning of experiments. Detailed uncertainties analysis .

TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS

Thermal expansion, RTD, thermistors and thermocouples.

VELOCITY  MEASUREMENTS

Pitot tube, ultrasonic, Laser Doppler and PIV among others.

FLOW MEASUREMENTS BASED ON PRESSURE DIFFERENCES

Velocity profiles, orifice plates, venturis and nozzles, among others

FLOW MEASUREMENTS BASED ON OTHER PRINCIPLES

Electromagnetic, turbine, vortex and fluidic, variable area, ultrasonic, massic, cross-correlation among others.

EXPERIMENTAL WORK (e.g.)

Rheological test

Radius of insulation

Flow through an orifice plate and  flowrate  measurement  by the log-linear method

Drag  coefficients in spheres

Characteristic curves of a centrifugal pump

Forced and free convection coefficients in 3D bodies

Mandatory literature

Coelho P. M.; Métodos Experimentais (notas de apoio e fichas de trabalhos e resultados experimentais), 2011
Béla Lipták; Instrument Engineers’ Handbook, CRC Press, 2003
Richard S. Figliola, Donald E. Beasley; Teoria e projeto para medições mecânicas. ISBN: 978-85-216-1572-9
Coleman, Hugh W.; Experimentation and uncertainty analysis for engineers. ISBN: 0-471-63517-0

Complementary Bibliography

Miller, Richard W; Flow Measurement Engineering Handbook. ISBN: 0-07-042366-0
Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement, ISO, Genéve, 1995
Holman, J. P.; Experimental methods for engineers. ISBN: 0-07-118165-2
Ashrae; Fundamentals. ISBN: 1-883413-81-8
Robert P. Benedict; Fundamentals of temperature, pressure, and flow measurements
Kerlin, T.W.; Practical thermocouple thermometry, ISA, 199
ed. Robert A. Granger; Experiments in heat transfer and thermodynamics. ISBN: 0-521-44925-1

Teaching methods and learning activities

The classes will take place in the laboratory where the experimental work will be carried out. A results sheet, which will be subject to an expedited evaluation, pretends  to detect errors and prevent them from being reflected in the respective report.
In order to encourage students to read in advance the protocol related to the experimental work they are going to carry out, as well as to be attentive to the experimental work and also to study a part of the contents of the self-taught learning mentioned in section 4.4.5, there will be at the end of each class a mini test that will evaluate these components.
Within two weeks of the completion of the experimental work, the students must submit the report in pdf format.
The penultimate class will be a theoretical-practical class where it will be solved exercises related to the contents of the self-taught learning referred to in point 4.4.5 with predominance in the uncertainties analysis.

Software

EES - Engineering Equation Solver

Evaluation Type

Distributed evaluation without final exam

Assessment Components

Designation	Weight (%)
Exame	35,00
Participação presencial	10,00
Teste	15,00
Trabalho laboratorial	40,00
Total:	100,00

Amount of time allocated to each course unit

Designation	Time (hours)
Estudo autónomo	116,00
Frequência das aulas	18,00
Trabalho laboratorial	28,00
Total:	162,00

Eligibility for exams

Regular enrolled students, not exceeding the number of absences, according to the existing rules, and have obtained a grade not lower than 10 points in all components of evaluation (A), (B) and (C ).

Calculation formula of final grade

Distributed evaluation without final exam with the following components:
Reports - 40%;
Results sheets (to be delivered at the end of each laboratory class) - 10%;
Mini tests (to be done at the end of each laboratory class, focusing on the experimental work performed and its protocol as well as on a previously defined part of the contents of self-taught learning referred to in point 4.4.5) - 30%;
Test to be carried out in the last class ( practical exercises where the knowledge acquired in the study of the contents of the self-taught learning referred to in point 4.4.5 is applied, with predominance in the analysis of uncertainties) - 20%;
The performance of the various elements of each group in the team work will be evaluated at the end of the semester by the other group colleagues. 20% will be deducted to the classification of the report by each day of delay in the delivery of the same.
The evaluation in this UC cannot be carried out in a single moment.
There will be a penalty of 20% on the report rating for each day of delay in delivery of the same.

Examinations or Special Assignments

not applicable

Special assessment (TE, DA, ...)

Since this curricular unit is of continuous assessment, which is not subject to replacement by evaluation in a single moment, the evaluation of students with special status is the same as regular students, i.e., the realization of group work throughout the semester is mandatory.

Classification improvement

not applicable

Observations

Students attending this course should already have attended the curricular units of Fluid Mechanics I and II and Heat Transfer, or courses with the same programs of the curricular units mentioned above.