Code: | EM0100 | Acronym: | ST |
Keywords | |
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Classification | Keyword |
OFICIAL | Heat Transfer and Fluid |
Active? | Yes |
Responsible unit: | Fluids and Energy Division |
Course/CS Responsible: | Master in Mechanical Engineering |
Acronym | No. of Students | Study Plan | Curricular Years | Credits UCN | Credits ECTS | Contact hours | Total Time |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MIEM | 139 | Syllabus since 2006/2007 | 4 | - | 6 | 45,5 | 162 |
Objectives: This course aims to acquaint students with the knowledge, the understanding and application of the fundamental principles of the different thermal machines. Learning Outcomes: Students should know how to identify the main characteristics of behaviour and select the most suitable one between different options and systems.
Knowledge of the thermodynamics of machines and thermal equipments.
Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
COMBUSTION AND FUELS
Slow and fast combustion. Premixed and diffusin flames. Deflagration and detonation.
Gaseous fuels. Liquid fuels. Solid fuels.
Mass conservation and chemical equation.
The mixture of liquid and gaseous fuels.
Combustion products. Wet and dried products.
Complete oxidizing combustion.
Reducing combustion. Incomplete combustion. Lean and rich mixtures.
Simplified combustion calculations. The first law of thermodynamics applied to combustion. Internal energy and enthalpy of combustion. Enthalpy and internal energy of formation. Heating values.
Adiabatic flame temperature.
The second law of thermodynamic applied to combustion. The third law and the absolute entropy.
Maximum work of a chemical reaction.
Dissociation. Equilibrium or dissociation constant. Reversible combustion. The dissociation constant and the Gibbs function.
Interchangeability of fuel gases. The Wobbe index.
Fuels for internal combustion engines. Gasolines. The octane number. Anti-knock additives. The destilation curve. Benzene. The LPG’s. Alcohols. Diesel fuels. The cetane number. The biodiesel. Wood and wood derived fuels and biomass fuels. Other petroleum derived fuels. The acid dew point of combustion products.
BOILERS
Definition, characteristics and types. Main components of boilers. The fuel tube versus water tube boilers.
Determination of boiler efficiency. The simplified ASME indirect method for the calculation of boiler efficiency.
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
The reference air cycles for internal production engines. Mean effective pressure of a cycle. The Otto air cycle and its particularities. The Diesel air cycle and its particularities. The dual or Sabathiée air cycle. The comparison of the three air cycles. The indicated cycle. The Otto and Diesel indicated cycles. Admission in the four stroke cycles. The residual gases. Volumetric efficiency. Indicated two stroke cycles. Otto engine blow down process. Diesel engine blow down process. Two stroke engines blow down types.
Parameters for the qualification and qualification of engine performance. Effective power, mean effective pressure, mechanical efficiency. Specific fuel consumption. Engine elasticity and drivability
COMPRESSED AIR PLANTS
The compressed air network. Design and layout of a compressed air system. Evaluation of compressed air needs. Fluid friction pressure losses. Minor pressure losses.
The sizing of compressed air tanks. Simplified calculation procedures.
Air compressors. Alternative compressors. The volumetric efficiency. The indicated compression cycle. Compression in stages.
Screw, tooth, roots, vane and scroll compressors. Dynamic compressors. Axial and centrifugal compressors.
ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE
Comparison between an organic Rankine cycle and a steam cycle. Important applications: Biomass combustion; geothermal energy recovery; solar energy; waste thermal energy recovery.
Working fluids. Saturation curves. Thermo physical properties of working fluids. Environmental impact, price and health effects.
Equipments. Expanders: Screw, scroll and rotating vane expanders.
Thermodynamic properties for ORC working fluids.
STEAM PLANTS
Components of a steam plant. The boiler or steam generator. The steam piping. Steam traps. Pressure reducing devices. The condensate piping. Design recommendations. Heat losses in valves and fittings. Thermal isolation of stream lines. The flash steam.
THERMAL FLUID PLANTS
Heat transfer thermal fluid plants. Liquid phase systems. Comparison among heat transfer fluids. Organic thermal fluids. Main properties. Main components of a thermal fluid plant. Boiler, circulating pump, expansion vessel, degasifier, overl collecting tank.
Typical thermal fluid plants.
Design recommendations. Plant filling and start up.
Important physical for the thermal design. Properties of thermal fluids. The thermal insulation of thermal fluid plants.
Theoretical classes: course themes presentation with transparencies Problem solving
Designation | Weight (%) |
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Exame | 95,00 |
Participação presencial | 5,00 |
Total: | 100,00 |
Designation | Time (hours) |
---|---|
Estudo autónomo | 80,00 |
Frequência das aulas | 82,00 |
Total: | 162,00 |
According to General Evaluation Rules of FEUP
Final Exam with a grade from 0 to 20. Theoretical part (30% of the Final Exam Mark), practical part (70% of the Final Exam Mark) Practical part of the exam (open book exam). Theoretical part of the exam (closed book exam).
Final exam with a theoretical and a practical part
Final exam with a theoretical and a practical part.
Practical part of the exam (open book exam). Theoretical part of the exam (closed book exam).