Fluid Mechanics I

Code:

EA0022

Acronym:

MF I

Keywords
Classification	Keyword
OFICIAL	Physical Sciences (Physics)

Instance: 2012/2013 - 2S

Active?	Yes
Responsible unit:	Fluids and Energy Section
Course/CS Responsible:	Master in Environmental Engineering

Cycles of Study/Courses

Acronym	No. of Students	Study Plan	Curricular Years	Credits UCN	Credits ECTS	Contact hours	Total Time
MIEA	117	Syllabus since 2006/07	2	-	6	56	162

Teaching language

Portuguese

Objectives

Know, understand and analyze, based on fundamental laws of mechanics and using specific methodologies, the behavior of fluids at rest and in motion, in view of solving problems of fluid mechanics in engineering.

Learning outcomes and competences

It is expected that, at the end of the semester, students:
1. Will be able to characterize fluids in terms of their properties and to solve simple problems involving Newton's law of viscosity;
2. Will be able to apply the principles of the static of fluids to manometry and to the determination of pressure forces on flat surfaces, including determining the respective centers of pressure;
3. Will be able to apply the Bernoulli equation for the study of ideal flows, comprising measuring the flow rate and velocity of flows;
4th. To know applying the equations of conservation of mass, mechanical energy and linear momentum to fluid flows;
5. To know basic principles of dimensional analysis and similarity in the prospective study in experimental fluid mechanics;
6. To understand and to use the concepts of flow regime (laminar / turbulent incompressible / compressible, subsonic /supersonic) and of developed flow inside a duct;
7. To be able to apply the equations of conservation of mass and energy to the study of flows in ducts of circular cross section, including the calculation of pressure losses,  in line and minor, for the estimation of energy requirements, determining the available flow and the design of simple installations;
8. To understand the characteristics curves of pumps and fans in order to correctly select these equipments according to the requirements of the facility.
9. To know, characterize and determine the forces resulting from the interaction of flow with immersed bodies

Working method

Presencial

Program

1. Introduction to fluid mechanics. Basic definitions and concept of fluid. Notion of continuous and non-slip condition. Density, viscosity and Newton's viscosity law. Concept of pressure, vapor pressure and cavitation. The speed of sound.
2. Statics of fluids. Pressure within a fluid and fluid balance of an element at rest. Invariability of pressure with the direction. Fundamental equation of hydrostatics; integration for incompressible fluids. Manometry. Measuring the atmospheric pressure. Absolute pressure and gauge pressure. Pascal's principle. Hydrostatic force on flat surfaces and respective center pressures. Driving force.
3. Kinematics of flows. Properties of the velocity field. Local acceleration and convective acceleration. Lagrangian and Eulerian perspectives. Concepts of trajectory, streamline and streak line. Flow rate and average speed. Conservation of mass (continuity).
4. Bernoulli’s equation. Integration of the 2nd Newton’s law along a streamline.
Bernoulli’s equation and the 1st law of Thermodynamics. Concepts of dynamic pressure and stagnation pressure.
Measuring the flow speed (Pitot tube and Prandtl probe) and flow (Venturi).
Some limitations to the concept of ideal flow.
Integration of the 2nd Newton ‘s law normal to streamlines.
5. Integral formulation of the fundamental equations. Reynolds’ transport theorem. Mass conservation. Balance of forces on a control volume and change of linear momentum. Conservation of energy in a control volume and energy exchanges (pumps and turbines).
6th. Dimensional analysis and similarity. Relevance of dimensional analysis and principle of dimensional homogeneity. The Buckingham’s "Pi" theorem, selection of variables and reference dimensions (base). More usual dimensionless groups in fluid mechanics. Introduction to the theory of similarity. Models, geometric, kinematic and dynamic similarity.
7th. Viscous flow in ducts. Inlet zone and development of a flow in a duct. Laminar and turbulent regimes. Reynolds’ time-averaging concept and turbulent stresses. Velocity profiles in laminar and turbulent flow. Flow rate and pressure difference, the concept of head loss in a pipe. Friction coefficient and influence of surface roughness. Moody’s diagram and Colebrooke-White equation. Minor losses in pipe systems. Pumps and fans, characteristic curves and operating point. Cavitation and suction capability. Association of pumps and fans in series and in parallel.
8. External flows. Concepts of friction and drag force, pressure and viscous components. Flow over a flat plate (boundary layer). Flow around a wing profile, lift. Balance of forces on a body, terminal velocity.

Mandatory literature

Bruce R. Munson, Donald F. Young, Theodore H. Okiishi; Fundamentals of fluid mechanics. ISBN: 0-471-17024-0

Complementary Bibliography

Frank M. White; Fluid mechanics. ISBN: 0-07-116848-6
Merle C. Potter, David C. Wiggert; Mechanics of fluids. ISBN: 0-13-571142-8
Luis Adriano Oliveira, António Gameiro Lopes; Mecânica dos fluidos. ISBN: 972-8480-13-X
Yunus A. Çengel, John M. Cimbala ; trad. Katia Aparecida Roque, Mario Moro Fecchio; Mecânica dos fluidos. ISBN: 978-85-86804-58-8

Teaching methods and learning activities

Lectures: Presentation of the theoretical concepts and discussion. Examples.

Practical sessions: Exercises and discussion.

Evaluation Type

Distributed evaluation with final exam

Assessment Components

Description	Type	Time (hours)	Weight (%)	End date
Attendance (estimated)	Participação presencial	0,00
	Exame	2,00	80,00
	Teste	1,00	20,00	2013-06-05
	Total:	-	100,00

Amount of time allocated to each course unit

Description	Type	Time (hours)	End date
	Frequência das aulas	52
	Total:	52,00

Eligibility for exams

Given the special nature of this edition of the discipline it is assumed that all students have got frequency from previous editions.

Calculation formula of final grade

The provisional grade is obtained weighting by 20% the theoretical tests and by 80% the practical test. A minimum grade of 7 is required as the average of the theoretical tests.
The same weights (20% -80%) will be used in the improvement/final examination.

Examinations or Special Assignments

Not planned.

Internship work/project

Not applicable.

Special assessment (TE, DA, ...)

FEUP rules to be considered.

Classification improvement

Final/improvement examination, with similar rules.