Foundations

Code:

EC5214

Acronym:

FUND

Instance: 2006/2007 - 1S

Active?	Yes
Web Page:	http://paginas.fe.up.pt/sgwww/fundacoes
Responsible unit:	Geotechnics Division
Institution Responsible:	Faculty of Engineering

Cycles of Study/Courses

Acronym	No. of Students	Study Plan	Curricular Years	Credits UCN	Credits ECTS	Contact hours	Total Time
LEC	8	Plano de estudos de transição para 2006/07	5	6	6	-
MIEC	12	Plano de estudos de transição para 2006/07	5	-	6	-

Teaching language

Portuguese

Objectives

The knowledge of the main type of foundations (shallow foundations – footings and spread footings, mats, wells, deep foundations-piles and related) is the main objective of this discipline. The particularities of the different types of foundations and their specificities as conditioned by the ground nature, is thoroughly discussed and analysed.
The deepening of site investigation and characterization methods is also developed.
Teaching of principles and methodologies of geotechnical and structural design of direct and deep foundations, single and in group, when load statically and dynamically (with emphasis as seismic solicitations), is pursued. An introduction to ground reinforcement, treatment of sensitive soils, deepening footings and other amelioration methods, is made.

Program

GROUND CARACTERIZATION:
- Site investigation: in situ testing for evaluation of geomechanical parameters with the purpose of foundations design:
- Minimum procedures to ground charactrization.
- Methodologies for boreholes, sampling and in situ testing (SPT, (S)CPTu, PMT, DMT and Seismic Tests – CH), taking into account the objectives for foundations behaiviour evaluation.

SEISMIC RISK: LIQUEFACTION AND INTERACTION WITH FOUNDATIONS
- bases for the determination of seismic action and resistance;
- Simplified methods for the evaluation of liquefaction risk, based on charts under the results of in situ test (SPT, CPT; CH…);
- Characterization of national conditions and analysis os typical conditions.

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS (FOOTINGS)
- Design Criteria in the light of Eurocodes: limit state design (ultimate and serviceability).
- Methods for settlement evaluation in granular and fine soils, for static loading conditions.
- Settlement evaluation of footings under dynamic and transient loading conditions.
- Spread foundations – beams common to several piers and mats: introduction to continuum analysis (discussion of some theoretical solutions) and discrete (numerical) solutions (base on elasticity theory – Winkler models).
- Structural design of shallow foundations (footings and else).

CAISSONS (Semi-direct foundations)

DEEP FOUNDATIONS - PILES
- Classification of piles;
- Single and axial loading piles;
- Actions of grounds over piles: negative friction; Laterla loading;
- Considerations about design:
- Conventional design criteria: theoretical and semi-empirical approach;
- Vertical actions: load capacity of single piles:
* Theoretical or “analytical” formulations and semi-empirical approach (static formulas – LCPC, Bustamante & Gianeselli method and similar – and dynamic formulas);
- Vertical actions: load capacity of group of piles - eficiency;
- Vertical actions: settlement evaluation (prediction) of single piles – emprical methods and analytical methods based on the Theory of Elasticity (and MEF solutions);
- Vertical actions: settlement evaluation of group of piles;
- The role of loading tests in the design of piles: codes, procedures and equipments, testing methodologies and interpretation.
- Piles loaded laterally: ultimate capacity and lateral displacement and associated steresses – implication in structural design;
* Actions that generate transverse laods: emphasis to seismic actions;
* lateral displacements evaluated by continuum theories and numerical solutions, based on the method of subgrade reaction;
- Group of piles loaded laterally: methods for the evaluation of non-uniforma distribution of loads (MEF based methods – Randolph solution, etc.);
- Structural design of piles (single and group of); design of pile caps on group of piles;
- quality evaluation of piles: integrity testing and other methods of supervision, introduction to remediation solutions for damages on piles.

DEEP FOUNDATIONS - PILES
- Classification of piles;

GROUND IMPROVEMENT AND FOUNADTION REINFORCEMENT
- Methods for ground improvement (chemical and physical procedures):
Vibro-compaction; Vibro-floctuation; Dynamic Compaction; Stone column and other hybrid methods; Jet-Grouting or Cutter Soil Mixing; Compaction piles; Micro-piles; Deep-mixing and Grouting (cement and/or gypsum mixing); Fiber-reinforcement; and diverse techniques...
- Particularities of expansive, collapsible, carsic and other singular ground condtions,
- Geotecnhical aspects on the rehabilitation and reconstruction of historical sites

Mandatory literature

Bowles, Joseph E.; Foundation analysis and design. ISBN: 0-07-114052-2
Fellenius, Bengt H.; Basics of Foundation Design
Roger Frank; Calcul des fondations supercielles et profondes, Ed: Presses de ´'École National des Ponts et Chaussées, Paris, 1999
Mayne, P.W., Christopher, B., Berg, R., and DeJong, J.; Subsurface Investigations -Geotechnical Site Characterization, FHWA-NHI-01-031, National Highway Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C. , 2002
Velloso, D.A. & Lopes, F.R. ; FUNDAÇÕES. Volume 1: Critérios de Projecto – Investigação de Subsolo – Fundações Superficiais, Oficina de Textos, São Paulo, 2004. ISBN: 85-86238-37-6
Velloso, D.A. & Lopes, F.R. ; FUNDAÇÕES. Volume 2: Fundações Profundas, COPPE-UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, 2002. ISBN: ISBN: 85-285-005137-9
VIana da Fonseca & Silva Cardoso; Textos de Apoio (Fundações e Obras Geotécnicas), 1990-2006

Complementary Bibliography

Poulos, H. G. & Davis, E. H.; Pile Foundation Analysis and Design, John Wiley and Sons, Geotechnical Engineering Series, Singapore, 1980
Wyllie, Duncan C.; Foundations on Rock. ISBN: 0-419-23210-9
Fonseca, António Joaquim Pereira Viana da; Geomecânica dos solos residuais do granito do Porto
Fang, Hsai-Yang 340; Foundation engineering handbook. ISBN: 0-412-98891-7
Waldemar Hacchichi, Frederico Falconi, José Luiz Saes, Régis Frota, Celso Carvalho, Sussumu NiYama; Fundações. Teoria e Prática, ABMS/ABEF, Gráficas PINI. São Paulo, Brasil, 1996
EUROCÓDIGO 7 - Parte 1:, 1994. Projecto Geotécnico. Regras Gerais., Comissão Europeia de Normalizações, Bruxela, 1994
Eurocode 7 – Geotechnical Design. Final Draft. prEN 1997-1, Comissão Europeia de Normalizações, Bruxelas, 2004
Coduto, Donald P.; Foundation design. ISBN: 0-13-589706-8
Coelho, Silvério; Tecnologia de Fundações, EPGE/ISEL, 1996
Fernando Schnaid; Ensaios de Campo e suas aplicações à Engenharia de Fundações, Oficina de Textos, Brasil, 2000. ISBN: 624.150723 (CDD)
Rodrigo Salgado; The Engineering of Foundations, McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math, 2006. ISBN: 0072500581
Jarbas Milititsky, Nilo Cesar Consoli, Fernando Schnaid; Patologia das Fundações, Oficina de Textos. S. Paulo, 2006. ISBN: 85-86238-45-7

Teaching methods and learning activities

Theoretical lectures are used for the presentation of the main concepts and methodologies, duly complemented by the presentation of some applications.
Practical lectures are essentially used go deeper inside the discussion and resolution of practical problems suggested in the theoretical lectures.
Two mains projects are proposed for complete development and the students are by assisted during classes and tutorial. One is developed in group of 3 elements and is dedicated to mat foundation or a footing common to several piers design, since the very early characterization of ground conditions to the complete geotechnical response evaluation and structural design. The other deals with the foundation of a large span bridge over a river, consisting of a group of pile; the all project is developed – including the mat and the piles structural design - and specific subjects are dealt, such as abutment conditions and seismic risk evaluation. The group of piles is analyzed for vertical and horizontal actions.

Evaluation Type

Distributed evaluation with final exam

Assessment Components

Description	Type	Time (hours)	Weight (%)	End date
Subject Classes	Participação presencial	56,00
	Total:	-	0,00

Classification improvement

Visits to on going works
The program includes visists to different works that involve structures where different kind og foundations are being executed. These have included sistematically: special buildings, brigdes, excavations, tunnelling and others structures that involve diverse types of foundations and reinforcement techniques.

Observations

Visits to on going works
The program includes visists to different works that involve structures where different kind og foundations are being executed. These have included sistematically: special buildings, brigdes, excavations, tunnelling and others structures that involve diverse types of foundations and reinforcement techniques.
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Estimated working time out of classes: 4 hours