Elements of Statistics
Instance: 2004/2005 - 1S
Cycles of Study/Courses
Objectives
The subject’s key objectives are the following: to transmit concepts of Statistics (Descriptive Statistics and Statistical Inference) applied to the Social Sciences, with practical examples of geographical analysis, based on computer programmes (Excel and SPSS).
Program
**Theoretical lessons
I – General Introduction
1. The object of Statistics
2. Measurement scales
3. Classification of Data (Qualitative and Quantitative)
4. Variables
5. Frequency distribution
6. Probability
7. Combinatory analysis
II – Descriptive Statistics
1. Measures of Central Tendency
2. Measures of Deviation
- Mean deviation
- Standard deviation
III – Distributions
1. Discrete distributions
- Binomial
- Poisson
2. Continuous distributions
- Normal
- Chi-square
- the “Student’s t”
- F Distribution
IV – The theory of Extreme Values
V- Seismic casualty
VI - Inferential Statistics
1. Theory of Sampling
1.1. Population and Samples
1.2. Sample Distributions
1.3. Confidence Interval
1.4. Statistical Significance
1.5. Methods of Sample Selection
1.6. Theory of Estimation
1.7. Types of Errors
2. Tests of Parametric Hypotheses
2.1. Normality Tests
2.2. Variance Analysis
2.3. Tests of Localisation
- Independent samples
- Matched samples
- The expected value of a Population
3. Nonparametric Hypotheses Tests
3.1. Theory of small samples
- Chi-square Test
- Wilcoxon Test
- Mann-Whitney Test
- Fisher’s Exact Test
4. Clusters
5. Exploratory Factor Analysis
VII – Measures of Association
- Correlation and Covariance
- Tables and Cross-tabulation
- Regression Models
- Least-squares line
- Demographic forecasting
Simple Linear
Exponential
Squared
Hyperbolic
**Practical lessons
I - Computer tools – Excel
1. Spreadsheet
2. Formulas and Functions
3. Statistical analysis
4. Graphical generation
II - Computer tools – SPSS
1. Structure and general options
2. Definition of Variables
3. Data Edition and Manipulation
4. Transformation of Data
5. Statistical procedures
6. Analysis of Results
7. Graph diagram
8. Categorical Data Analysis – Clusters
9. Explanatory Factor Analysis
Main Bibliography
Maroco, João ; Bispo, Regina – Estatística aplicada às ciências sociais e humanas, Climepsi Editores, Lisboa, 2003
Silva, Cecília Moura – Estatística Aplicada à Psicologia e Ciências Sociais, Editora McGraw-Hill de Portugal, 1994
D’Hainaut, Louis – Conceitos e Métodos da Estatística Volume I uma variável a uma dimensão, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1997
Guimarâes, Rui Campos ; Cabral, José Sarsfield – ESTATÍSTICA, Editora McGraw-Hill de Portugal, 1997
Spiegel, Murray R.– ESTATÍSTICA, Coleção Schaum, Editora McGraw-Hill do Brasil, 1971
Reis, Elizabeth – Estatística Multivariada Aplicada, Edições Sílabo, Lisboa, 1997
Huot, Réjean – Métodos Quantitativos para as Ciências Humanas, Instituto Piaget, 2002
Pestana, Maria Helena ; Gageiro, João Nunes – Análise de Dados para Ciências Sociais, A Complementaridade do SPSS, Edições Sílabo, Lisboa, 1998
Pereira, Alexandre - SPSS Guia Prático de Utilização Análise de Dados para Ciências Sociais e Psicologia, Edições Sílabo, Lisboa, 1999
Vinacua, B. Visauta – Análisis estadístico con SPSS para WINDOWS, McGraw-Hill/Interamericana de Espana, 1997
Complementary Bibliography
Reis, Elizabeth – Estatística Multivariada Aplicada, Edições Sílabo, Lisboa, 1997
Huot, Réjean – Métodos Quantitativos para as Ciências Humanas, Instituto Piaget, 2002
Pestana, Maria Helena ; Gageiro, João Nunes – Análise de Dados para Ciências Sociais, A Complementaridade do SPSS, Edições Sílabo, Lisboa, 1998
Teaching methods and learning activities
Explanatory theoretical lectures and practical classes in which students will apply the knowledge acquired.
Software
Vinacua, B. Visauta – Análisis estadístico con SPSS para WINDOWS, McGraw-Hill/Interamericana de Espana, 1997
Pereira, Alexandre - SPSS Guia Prático de Utilização e Análise de Dados para Ciências Sociais e Psicologia, Edições Sílabo, Lisboa, 1999
Samuel B. Green, Neil J. Salkind, Theresa M. Akey - Using SPSS for Windows - Analyzing and Understanding Data, Prentice Hall
Evaluation Type
Evaluation with final exam
Eligibility for exams
Not applicable.
Calculation formula of final grade
Positive average mark of the assessment components.
Examinations or Special Assignments
Not applicable.
Special assessment (TE, DA, ...)
According to the Assessment Regulations in force.
Classification improvement
A final exam in the re-sit examination period
Observations
Language of instruction: Portuguese.