Elements of Statistics

Code:

FLUP0024

Acronym:

EE1

Instance: 2004/2005 - 1S

Active?	Yes
Responsible unit:	Department of Geography
Institution Responsible:	Faculty of Arts

Cycles of Study/Courses

Acronym	No. of Students	Study Plan	Curricular Years	Credits UCN	Credits ECTS	Contact hours	Total Time
GEO	138	Official Study Plan - LGEO	1	-	6	-

Objectives

The subject’s key objectives are the following: to transmit concepts of Statistics (Descriptive Statistics and Statistical Inference) applied to the Social Sciences, with practical examples of geographical analysis, based on computer programmes (Excel and SPSS).

Program

**Theoretical lessons

I – General Introduction
1. The object of Statistics
2. Measurement scales
3. Classification of Data (Qualitative and Quantitative)
4. Variables
5. Frequency distribution
6. Probability
7. Combinatory analysis

II – Descriptive Statistics
1. Measures of Central Tendency
2. Measures of Deviation
- Mean deviation
- Standard deviation

III – Distributions
1. Discrete distributions
- Binomial
- Poisson
2. Continuous distributions
- Normal
- Chi-square
- the “Student’s t”
- F Distribution

IV – The theory of Extreme Values

V- Seismic casualty

VI - Inferential Statistics
1. Theory of Sampling
1.1. Population and Samples
1.2. Sample Distributions
1.3. Confidence Interval
1.4. Statistical Significance
1.5. Methods of Sample Selection
1.6. Theory of Estimation
1.7. Types of Errors

2. Tests of Parametric Hypotheses
2.1. Normality Tests
2.2. Variance Analysis
2.3. Tests of Localisation
- Independent samples
- Matched samples
- The expected value of a Population

3. Nonparametric Hypotheses Tests
3.1. Theory of small samples
- Chi-square Test
- Wilcoxon Test
- Mann-Whitney Test
- Fisher’s Exact Test

4. Clusters

5. Exploratory Factor Analysis


VII – Measures of Association
- Correlation and Covariance
- Tables and Cross-tabulation
- Regression Models
- Least-squares line
- Demographic forecasting
Simple Linear
Exponential
Squared
Hyperbolic

**Practical lessons

I - Computer tools – Excel
1. Spreadsheet
2. Formulas and Functions
3. Statistical analysis
4. Graphical generation

II - Computer tools – SPSS
1. Structure and general options
2. Definition of Variables
3. Data Edition and Manipulation
4. Transformation of Data
5. Statistical procedures
6. Analysis of Results
7. Graph diagram
8. Categorical Data Analysis – Clusters
9. Explanatory Factor Analysis

Main Bibliography

Maroco, João ; Bispo, Regina – Estatística aplicada às ciências sociais e humanas, Climepsi Editores, Lisboa, 2003

Silva, Cecília Moura – Estatística Aplicada à Psicologia e Ciências Sociais, Editora McGraw-Hill de Portugal, 1994

D’Hainaut, Louis – Conceitos e Métodos da Estatística Volume I uma variável a uma dimensão, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1997

Guimarâes, Rui Campos ; Cabral, José Sarsfield – ESTATÍSTICA, Editora McGraw-Hill de Portugal, 1997

Spiegel, Murray R.– ESTATÍSTICA, Coleção Schaum, Editora McGraw-Hill do Brasil, 1971

Reis, Elizabeth – Estatística Multivariada Aplicada, Edições Sílabo, Lisboa, 1997

Huot, Réjean – Métodos Quantitativos para as Ciências Humanas, Instituto Piaget, 2002

Pestana, Maria Helena ; Gageiro, João Nunes – Análise de Dados para Ciências Sociais, A Complementaridade do SPSS, Edições Sílabo, Lisboa, 1998

Pereira, Alexandre - SPSS Guia Prático de Utilização Análise de Dados para Ciências Sociais e Psicologia, Edições Sílabo, Lisboa, 1999

Vinacua, B. Visauta – Análisis estadístico con SPSS para WINDOWS, McGraw-Hill/Interamericana de Espana, 1997

Complementary Bibliography

Reis, Elizabeth – Estatística Multivariada Aplicada, Edições Sílabo, Lisboa, 1997

Huot, Réjean – Métodos Quantitativos para as Ciências Humanas, Instituto Piaget, 2002

Pestana, Maria Helena ; Gageiro, João Nunes – Análise de Dados para Ciências Sociais, A Complementaridade do SPSS, Edições Sílabo, Lisboa, 1998

Teaching methods and learning activities

Explanatory theoretical lectures and practical classes in which students will apply the knowledge acquired.

Software

Vinacua, B. Visauta – Análisis estadístico con SPSS para WINDOWS, McGraw-Hill/Interamericana de Espana, 1997 Pereira, Alexandre - SPSS Guia Prático de Utilização e Análise de Dados para Ciências Sociais e Psicologia, Edições Sílabo, Lisboa, 1999 Samuel B. Green, Neil J. Salkind, Theresa M. Akey - Using SPSS for Windows - Analyzing and Understanding Data, Prentice Hall

Evaluation Type

Evaluation with final exam

Eligibility for exams

Not applicable.

Calculation formula of final grade

Positive average mark of the assessment components.

Examinations or Special Assignments

Not applicable.

Special assessment (TE, DA, ...)

According to the Assessment Regulations in force.

Classification improvement

A final exam in the re-sit examination period

Observations

Language of instruction: Portuguese.