Building Pathology and Retrofit

Code:

M.EC002

Acronym:

PRE

Keywords
Classification	Keyword
OFICIAL	Building Construction

Instance: 2024/2025 - 1S

Active?	Yes
Responsible unit:	Department of Civil and Georesources Engineering
Course/CS Responsible:	Master in Civil Engineering

Cycles of Study/Courses

Acronym	No. of Students	Study Plan	Curricular Years	Credits UCN	Credits ECTS	Contact hours	Total Time
M.EC	108	Syllabus	1	-	6	52	162

Teaching language

Portuguese and english

Objectives

Justification:
Building pathology is responsible for huge repair costs, which is why it is essential to understand the physical mechanisms that justify the anomalies observed. The rehabilitation of built heritage is an area of great strategic importance, given the need to restore the monuments, ancient buildings and the first buildings of reinforced concrete frame structures that are deeply degraded.

Objectives:
- The acquisition of technical and scientific knowledge in the areas of hygrothermal behaviour, natural ventilation, Building Pathology and Rehabilitation of Buildings;
- The development of design procedures in these areas meeting the regulatory requirements and quality standards.

Learning outcomes and competences

Skills and Learning Outcomes:
Knowledge: Knowledge of the mechanisms of moisture transfer, natural ventilation and hygrothermal loads.
Understanding: Pathology studies of materials and components, including the measurements and surveys necessary for the understanding of the causes that are behind it.
Application: Integration of knowledge in the rehabilitation project.
Analysis: Ability to integrate a multidisciplinary approach.
Summary: Method for the preparation of rehabilitation projects.
Project Engineering: hygrothermal studies, studies of natural ventilation, building pathology studies of the construction and rehabilitation projects.
Engineering Research: hygrothermal behaviour and rehabilitation of buildings.
Engineering Practice: Implementation of rehabilitation and assessment of service performance.

Working method

Presencial

Pre-requirements (prior knowledge) and co-requirements (common knowledge)

Basic knowledge of building physics and building technology.

Program

Topic 1
CONSTRUCTION PATHOLOGY AND HYGROTHERMAL BEHAVIOUR: 
The problem of Building Pathology. Fundamentals of Psychrometry. Humidity inside buildings. Manifestation of humidity. Surface condensation.

Topic 2
CONSTRUCTION PATHOLOGY AND HYGROTHERMAL BEHAVIOUR:
Internal condensations: application Glaser graphical method. Hygrothermal simulation under dynamic conditions: WUFI Pro 1D.

Topic 3
CONSTRUCTION PATHOLOGY AND HYGROTHERMAL BEHAVIOUR: 
Liquid water in building materials: absorption and drying. Biological degradation of façades.

Topic 4
CONSTRUCTION PATHOLOGY AND HYGROTHERMAL BEHAVIOUR: 
Rising damp. Treatment techniques. Hygroscopic innertia.

Topic 5 
CONSTRUCTION PATHOLOGY AND HYGROTHERMAL BEHAVIOUR: 
Risk of relative humidity buoyancy on material performance. Hygroscopic inertia. Controlling indoor relative humidity.

Topic 6 
CONSTRUCTION PATHOLOGY AND HYGROTHERMAL BEHAVIOUR:
Most frequent pathologies in buildings. Catalogue of pathologies: www.patorreb.com.

Topic 7
CONSTRUCTION PATHOLOGY AND HYGROTHERMAL BEHAVIOUR:
Survey and diagnostic techniques for Building Pathology.

Topic 8
BUILDING RETROFIT: 
Responsibilities, guarantees, insurance. Methodology for Building Rehabilitation. 

Topic 9
BUILDING RETROFIT: 
Rehabilitation of the envelope of a social housing complex. Case study.
Rehabilitation of the building envelope with heritage value. Diagnosis and intervention methodology. Case study. 

Topic 10
BUILDING RETROFIT:
Natural ventilation of buildings: Fundamentals. Design, detailing and specification of solutions.

Topic 11
BUILDING RETROFIT:
Study visit to refurbished buildings (social housing).

Topic 12
BUILDING RETROFIT:
The future of rehabilitation.

Scientific content: 50%
Technological content: 50%

DEMONSTRATION OF THE SYLLABUS COHERENCE WITH THE CURRICULAR UNIT'S OBJECTIVES:
Building pathology is responsible for huge repair costs, which is why it is essential to understand the physical mechanisms that justify the anomalies observed. The rehabilitation of built heritage is an area of great strategic importance, given the need to restore the monuments, ancient buildings and the first buildings of reinforced concrete frame structures that are deeply degraded.

Mandatory literature

V. P. DE FREITAS E P. PINTO; Nota de Informação Técnica – NIT • 002 – LFC 1998, “Permeabilidade ao Vapor de Materiais de Construção – Condensações Internas”, LFC - FEUP, 1998
Vasco Peixoto de Freitas, Maria Isabel Torres, Ana Sofia Guimarães; Humidade ascensional. ISBN: 978-972-752-101-2
NORMA PORTUGUESA NP 1037-1:2002 - Ventilação e vacuação dos produtos da combustão dos locais com aparelhos a gás. Parte 1 : edifícios de habitação. Ventilação natural, IPQ, 2002
V. P. DE FREITAS; http://www.patorreb.com/
coordenação Vasco Peixoto de Freitas; Manual de apoio ao projecto de reabilitação de edifícios antigos. ISBN: 978-972-99918-7-5
Vasco Peixoto de Freitas; Manuel Pinto; Ventilação de edifícios de habitação - Conceção e Dimensionamento, Quântica Editora - Conteúdos Especializados, Lda., 2023. ISBN: 9789899101678 (e-book)
Vasco Peixoto de Freitas; Apontamentos de PRED

Complementary Bibliography

VASCO PEIXOTO DE FREITAS; Transferência de humidade em paredes de edifícios - Análise do fenómeno da interface, FEUP, 1992
Eva Barreira, Vasco P. de Freitas; Evaluation of building materials using infrared thermography
Nuno Manuel Monteiro Ramos ; orient. Prof. Doutor Vasco Manuel Araújo Peixoto de Freitas; A importância da inércia higroscópica no comportamento higrotérmico dos edifícios
Actas do 1.º Encontro sobre Patologia e Reabilitação de Edifícios - PATORREB 2003, FREITAS, V.P.; ABRANTES, V., 2003
Actas do 2.º Encontro sobre Patologia e Reabilitação de Edifícios – PATORREB 2006, FREITAS, V. P.; ABRANTES, V.; GÓMEZ, C., 2006
Actas do 3.º Encontro sobre Patologia e Reabilitação de Edifícios – PATORREB 2009, FREITAS, V. P.; GÓMEZ, C.; HELENE, P.; ABRANTES, V., 2009
HAGENTOFT, C.-E. ; Introduction to building physics, Studentlitteratur, Sweden, 2001
HENS, H ; Building Physics – Heat, air and moisture. Fundamentals and engineering methods with examples and exercises., Ernst & Sohn – Wiley, 2007
KUMARAN, M.; Heat, air and moisture transfer through new and retrofitted insulated envelope parts. Task 3 – Material properties. International Energy Agency (IEA) ANNEX 24 – Final Report., 1996
KÜNZEL, H.; Simultaneous heat and moisture transport in building components – One and two-dimensional calculation using simple parameters, IRB Verlag, 1995
Fernando M. A. Henriques ; Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil; Humidade em paredes. ISBN: 972-49-1592-1
VIEGAS, J.; Ventilação natural de edifícios de habitação, LNEC, 2010
APPLETON, J.; Reabilitação de edifícios antigos – Patologias e tecnologias de intervenção, Edições Orion, 2003
coord. José Vasconcelos Paiva, José Aguiar, Ana Pinho; Guia técnico de reabilitação habitacional. ISBN: 972-49-2081-X
Vítor Cóias ; coord. Ana Cravinho; Reabilitação estrutural de edifícios antigos. ISBN: 978-972-8479-40-9
Nuno Monteiro Ramos... [et al.]; Hygrothermal properties applied in numerical simulation

Teaching methods and learning activities

The teaching is in accordance with the teaching recommended by FEUP There are 1 theoretical classes a week, of the explanatory type, with each class lasting around one hour. There is also one practical class a week, lasting 2 hours, where exercises are solved, assignments are done, and the subjects addressed are discussed. We seek to make sure the content of practical classes, whenever possible, is given in parallel with the theoretical classes. During theoretical classes, overhead and PowerPoint are used as a support for the exposition, which allows to better follow up on students and for them to visualize the content of the subject. Students have a class at the Building Physics Laboratory in order to contact with the equipment used for measuring temperature and humidity in construction materials and elements.

DEMONSTRATION OF THE COHERENCE BETWEEN THE TEACHING METHODOLOGIES AND THE LEARNING OUTCOMES:
Integration of knowledge in the rehabilitation project. Ability to integrate a multidisciplinary approach. Method for the preparation of rehabilitation projects. Critical Sense. Hygrothermal studies, studies of natural ventilation, pathology studies of the construction and rehabilitation projects.

Software

WUFI 1D - Quantificação das condensações internas segundo a Norma ISO 15026
Condensa 2000 - Quantificação das condensações internas

keywords

Technological sciences > Engineering > Civil engineering

Evaluation Type

Distributed evaluation with final exam

Assessment Components

Designation	Weight (%)
Exame	75,00
Trabalho escrito	25,00
Total:	100,00

Amount of time allocated to each course unit

Designation	Time (hours)
Estudo autónomo	86,00
Frequência das aulas	52,00
Trabalho escrito	24,00
Total:	162,00

Eligibility for exams

Achieving final classification requires compliance with attendance at the course unit. It is considered that students meet the attendance requirements if, having been regularly enrolled, the number of absences of 25% for lessons in the classroom is not exceeded.

Calculation formula of final grade

The final classification is calculated with the following expression: 

CF=0,75*EF+0,25*AD

CF = final classification
EF = final exam
AD = distributed evaluation

Note: The distributed evaluation will only be considered if it adds value to the final classification, otherwise the exam will be valued at 20 points.

Special assessment (TE, DA, ...)

Exam valued at 20 points.

Classification improvement

Improving the classification can only be made to the final exam, keeping the formula for calculating the final grade.

Observations