Hydraulics 2

Code:

L.EC028

Acronym:

H2

Keywords
Classification	Keyword
OFICIAL	Hydraulics

Instance: 2023/2024 - 2S

Active?	Yes
Responsible unit:	Department of Civil and Georesources Engineering
Course/CS Responsible:	Bachelor in Civil Engineering

Cycles of Study/Courses

Acronym	No. of Students	Study Plan	Curricular Years	Credits UCN	Credits ECTS	Contact hours	Total Time
L.EC	177	Syllabus	3	-	6	58,5	162

Teaching language

Portuguese and english
Obs.: One class available for English speaking students.

Objectives

JUSTIFICATION:
The lecture topics of the course unit (UC) Hydraulics 2 have significance in Civil Engineering. Enable knowledge about flow in pipelines and in open channels is critical for professionals working in hydraulic structures, water supply and wastewater infrastructures, building construction, and transport infrastructures, among others. Those topics provide the basis for other UCs within the Master in Civil Engineering (M.EC) - Specialization in Hydraulics, Water Resources and Environment.

OBJECTIVES:
Basis for the design of water distribution networks, in accordance with applicable legal requirements and pressure distribution analysis. Selection of hydraulic machines (pumps or turbines) for a given installation and evaluation of machine operating conditions, obtained from the system curve and the machine characteristic curve. To learn to characterise the uniform and the gradually varied flows and the hydraulic jump in open channels. Flow in natural channels.

Learning outcomes and competences

Knowledge: To design and/or to determine the flow distribution in water supply networks. To relate the diameters and the head losses with the need to maintain effective operational pressures. To define operating conditions of pumps in steady flow (discharge, manometric head, efficiency, rotation speed, net positive suction head) with basis on the system curve and on the pump, or multiple pump systems, characteristic curve. To select and to determine the operating conditions of turbines for a given hydraulic structure. To differentiate flows in open channels. To link the discharge of water in a channel with depth in uniform or with water level variations due to singularities. To determine water level variations in gradually varied flows and the energy loss through the hydraulic jump.

Comprehension: To interpret the pipe flow rates and pressure heads that satisfy the continuity and energy conservation equations. To understand the need of limiting effective pressure in networks. To select and analyse the operating conditions of a hydraulic machine or multiple machines for an installation. To explain the link between water discharge and flow establishment. To evaluate the impact of singularities to that flow establishment. To determine the length of gradually varied flows and its importance in the study of river floods. To assess the length of energy dissipators through the hydraulic jump and to understand its importance to hydraulic structures.

Application: To apply the apprehended concepts in the analysis and the in solving of problems, which are as close as possible to the reality of water supply and wastewater infrastructures, hydraulic structures, and fluvial hydraulics. To develop perception of real phenomenon through laboratorial classes.

Analysis: To critically analyse, discuss and interpret obtained results, in order to consolidate knowledge of the phenomenon and of the used computation methods.

Synthesis: To critically explain possibilities and options in practice, seeking to briefly discuss the why behind the used approach and the relevancy of its application.

Evaluation: To critically analyse choices and used computation methods, having in mind their limitations and simplifications.

Working method

Presencial

Pre-requirements (prior knowledge) and co-requirements (common knowledge)

The non-attendance and/or non-approval in Hydraulics 1 increases the difficulty level of the present course unit.

Program

Chapter 1 – Flow of incompressible fluids in pipelines (part 2): uniform and varied flow regimes; pipeline and pump-pipeline systems and networks.

Chapter 2 – Hydraulic machines (pumps and turbines): types and selection; operating conditions within a given hydraulic system; similitude of hydraulic machines; net positive suction head limitations.

Chapter 3 – Flow in open channels: general aspects; types and geometry of channels; application of the Bernoulli theorem; momentum and energy equations; flow regimes, computation of water levels in gradually varied flow; the hydraulic jump; and applications in natural channels.

TOPICS' WEIGHTS: Cap. 1: 25%; Cap. 2: 25%; Cap. 3: 50%.

PERCENTUAL DISTRIBUTION:
Scientific Component - 50%;
Technological Component - 50%.

DEMONSTRATION OF THE SYLLABUS COHERENCE WITH THE CURRICULAR UNIT'S OBJECTIVES:
This UC presents the basic principles of hydraulics indispensable to the civil engineering exercise and practice, either to solve current or special problems, introducing also subjects to be developed in the UCs of the specialization in Hydraulics, Water Resources and Environment of M.EC.

Mandatory literature

Barbosa, J. Novais; Mecânica dos fluídos e hidráulica geral
António Carvalho Quintela; Hidráulica. ISBN: 972-31-0775-9
rev. by Martin Marriott; Nalluri & Featherstone.s civil engineering hydraulics. ISBN: 978-1-4051-6195-4

Complementary Bibliography

Chow, Ven Te; Open-Channel Hydraulics. ISBN: 07-010776-9
Lencastre, Armando; Hidráulica geral. ISBN: 972-95859-0-3

Teaching methods and learning activities

Theoretical classes: Classes with the presentation of the subjects using the support of multimedia resources. Theories and models are explained and elucidative exercises are solved at the end of each subject. The basic supporting material is available from Sigarra (FEUP’s information system).

Practical classes: For each chapter topic, a selection of exercises is proposed. During class, time is dedicated to the discussion of the proposed exercises, and the professor will clarify individually or collectively students’ doubts.

Laboratorial classes: Two demonstrative sessions are planned, with the explanation of laboratory work and a critical analysis of results: one aimed at determining the characteristic curves of isolated hydraulic pumps, in series or in parallel, the other on open channel flows. Therefore, students will be able to consolidate some of the subjects learned in the theoretical and theoretical-practical classes through the visualization and analysis of the results of experiences.

DEMONSTRATION OF THE COHERENCE BETWEEN THE TEACHING METHODOLOGIES AND THE LEARNING OUTCOMES:
The presentation of concepts, principles and fundamental hydraulic theories by using an interpretation of illustrative examples aims to develop scientific and critical thinking related to the subjects studied. In this way, students develop a proper attitude and thinking to solve engineering problems (from current to special ones), as well as a solid basis for the subsequent UCs, allowing rigorous problems formulations and the correct application of the techniques learned.

Software

HEC-RAS
EPANET

keywords

Technological sciences > Engineering > Civil engineering > Hydraulic engineering
Technological sciences > Engineering > Civil engineering

Evaluation Type

Distributed evaluation without final exam

Assessment Components

Designation	Weight (%)
Teste	100,00
Total:	100,00

Amount of time allocated to each course unit

Designation	Time (hours)
Estudo autónomo	103,50
Frequência das aulas	58,50
Total:	162,00

Eligibility for exams

Achieving final classification requires compliance with attendance at the UC, according to the MIEC assessment rules. It is considered that students meet the attendance requirements if, having been regularly enrolled, the number of absences of 25% for each of the classes’ types is not exceeded (Theoretical classes and Practical classes).

Calculation formula of final grade

The final grade is defined with basis on distributed evaluations (without the final exam), which consists of two parts, T1 and T2. These two components are mandatory, being the weight of each one 50%.

Each evaluation component, to be carried out without consultation, includes a theoretical part, one part relative to subjects of the laboratory classes, and a practical part (with the support of a form). Evaluation expressed on a 0-to-20 numerical scale, rounded to one decimal place: theory – 50%; practice – 50%.

Part T1 focuses on subjects related to the flow of incompressible fluids in pipelines, network analysis and hydraulic machines.
Part T2 focuses on open channel flows.

The final grade, CF, will be calculated based on the following formula:
CF=CT1×50%+CT2×50%

where,
CT1 – grade of T1, to be performed in the middle of the semester (data to be defined).
CT2 – grade of T2, to be performed on the day of the normal season exam.

The approval to the UC requires obtaining a minimum grade of 6.0 values (30%) in each of the evaluation tests (T1 and T2).

NOTE 1: ALL students enrolled on the course unit are classified according to this method.

NOTE 2: The re-sit exam consists of two consecutive parts (T1 and T2), to be carried out during the examination period, on a day to be defined.

NOTE 3: The students who have failed the Distributed Evaluation, or those who want to improve their grade, may choose to take only one of the evaluation parts (T1 or T2) in the re-sit exam. In this case, the highest grade obtained in this part is considered for the purpose of the final classification. To do this, students must formalize this option until 48h before the re-sit exam.

NOTE 4: Special exams embrace the entire subject matter.

NOTE 5: The conditions for conducting the evaluation components may be adjusted in the future according to the restrictions that may arise related to extraordinary situations (e.g., the pandemic COVID-19).

Examinations or Special Assignments

Not applicable.

Internship work/project

Not applicable.

Special assessment (TE, DA, ...)

The students with a Special Status are classified according to the method presented in "Final grade", EXCEPT when they undergo examination in a Special Season. In this case, students are evaluated in a “single evaluation moment”, which consist in an exam covering all the course unit subjects (grade is expressed on a 0-to-20 numerical scale, rounded to the unity: theory – 50%; practice – 50%).

Classification improvement

The students that have already obtained approval in the course unit can perform CLASSIFICATION IMPROVEMENT, only once, under the following conditions:

(i) by performing T1, T2 or both tests (evaluation expressed on a 0-to-20 numerical scale) in the re-sit examination season of the year they were approved in the CU;

(ii) by performing an Exam covering ALL the course unit subjects (evaluation expressed on a 0-to-20 numerical scale), after the re-sit examination season of the year they were approved in the CU;

The Final Grade in the course unit is the highest between the one initially obtained and the one resulting from the classification improvement.

Observations

SPECIAL RULES FOR MOBILITY STUDENTS:
Frequency of graduation UCs introductory to the subjects covered by Hydraulics 2. 

ESTIMATED WORKING TIME OUT OF CLASSES: 5 hours/week.