Biomaterials

Code:

EMM0047

Acronym:

BIOM

Keywords
Classification	Keyword
OFICIAL	Engineering Sciences

Instance: 2017/2018 - 2S

Active?	Yes
Responsible unit:	Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering
Course/CS Responsible:	Master in Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

Cycles of Study/Courses

Acronym	No. of Students	Study Plan	Curricular Years	Credits UCN	Credits ECTS	Contact hours	Total Time
MIEMM	36	Syllabus since 2006/2007	3	-	4	42	108

Teaching language

Portuguese

Objectives

Justification:

Biomaterials have been undergoing a massive expansion and begin to be used in numerous clinical applications to repair, rebuild, replace or regenerate damaged areas of the body. This expansion is strongly associated with technological advances in reconstructive and regenerative medicine and the exponential increase in average life expectancy in modern societies. The science of biomaterials is an interdisciplinary field, and the Materials Engineering Branch of paramount importance for the development of new materials, using innovative technologies.

Objectives:

The course aims to provide students with the fundamental concepts on the various types of materials that are used in medicine. Are also covered aspects such as structural and surface characteristics of biomaterials, their interaction with the surrounding tissue, the ethical and regulatory aspects of medical devices and their clinical applications. For the attendance of this subject is necessary that students have previously knowledgeable about science and materials engineering.

 

Learning outcomes and competences

Specific  Skills:

- Select and manipulate materials for a particular application in the human body;

- Evaluate the performance of materials based on scientific knowledge of its composition, structure and properties;

- Know the limitations of the biomaterials and the characteristics that might influence changes over time;

- Recognize and understand the reasons for a clinical failure of biomaterials; - Critically evaluate the characteristics of new materials produced by the manufacturing industry, mentioned by standards institutes or referred to in scientific journals;

- Knowledge of legislation and regulations associated with the development of a new biomaterial and its placing on the market.

General Skills:

- Competence in analysis and synthesis;

- Ability to solve problems;

- Competence in independent learning;

- Knowledge of foreign languages;

- Skills to communicate with people who are not experts in the field;

- Initiative and entrepreneurial spirit.

Working method

Presencial

Program

Introduction. History of Biomaterials. Classes of biomaterials. The market of biomaterials. General trends in the use of materials in medicine. Presentation of various approaches of tissue regeneration. Brief introduction to the tissue capacity for auto-regeneration: connective, epithelial, muscles and nerves. Materials to apply in regenerative medicine: natural and synthetic; reabsorbable and non-reabsorbable. Chemical-physics of biomaterials surface and interaction with tissues (ex: composition, wettability, cristallinity, roughness, electric charge, structural and molecular factors influencing hydrolysis). The most important mechanical properties of biomaterials, namely resistance to bending, compression, stiffness and toughness. Polymeric materials to apply in regenerative medicine: properties and limitation (ex: PMM; PE; PP; PTFE; silicone; PU; PLA; PGA). Tribological concepts applied to the main joints of the human body (shoulder, knee and hip): lubrication, friction and wearing. Role of the synovial fluid in joint (natural and synthetic) lubrication. Joint prosthesis: molecular structure; PE cross-linked: advantages and disadvantages; Effect of gamma radiation on Ultrahigh Molecular-Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE). Glass-ceramic and ceramic glass. Types of interaction between ceramics and involving tissues: inert, bioactive and bioreabsorbable. Apatite and calcium phosphate. Bioactive glass and ceramic glass. Inert ceramics. Metals. Introduction. Stainless steel, Co-Cr-Mo alloy and Ti alloy. Composition, structure and properties. Biomaterials degradation and wearing. Applicable ASTM standards. Interaction biomaterials- tissue. Superficial properties of biomaterials depending on the medical application. Surface modifications on biomaterials. Surface modification techniques: plasma treatment, ion implantation, electrolytic coating and organic/polymeric coating. Surface characterization techniques: in situ ellipsometry, contact angles and AFM. Disinfection and sterilization of medical devices: Classification of medical devices depending on the contamination risk. Sterilization methods: Physical (ionizing radiation, humid/dry heat) and Chemical (liquid and gaseous). Process monitoring- chemical and biological indicators. Validation of sterilization process. Evaluation of biocompatibility of biomedical devices according to ISO regulation 10993. Bone replacement materials. The market of bone replacement. Natural and synthetic materials. Clinical application. Application of biomaterials in Dentistry Application of biomaterials in Orthopaedic surgery Application of biomaterials in Nerves Regeneration Three-dimensional biomodelling. Medical image acquisition techniques. Conversion of 2D images into 3D. Medical models and prototyping techniques. Advantages and application of three-dimensional biomodelling. Application of biomaterials in maxillofacial surgery. Ethical issues and regulations of medical devices. Clinical trials regulations.

Mandatory literature

Ratner, Buddy D. 340; Biomaterials science. ISBN: 0-12-582463-7
Nandyala Sooraj Hussein, José Domingos Santos; Biomaterials for Bone Regenerative Medicine, Trans Tech Publications, 2010. ISBN: ISBN 0-87849-153-8
Degradation Rate of Bioresorbable Materials, Woodhead Publishing Ltd, 2008
Wujing Xian; A Laboratory Course in Biomaterials, CRC Press, 2009. ISBN: 978-1-4200-7582-3
http://www.biomaterialsvideos.org/videos

Complementary Bibliography

2008-2009 USP Pharmacists' Pharmacopeia 2nd Edition
European Pharmacopoeia, 6th Edition 2009
ISO 10993-6:2007 Biological evaluation of medical devices -- Part 6: Tests for local effects after implantation
ISO 10993-13:2010 Biological evaluation of medical devices -- Part 13: Identification and quantification of degradation products from polymeric medical devices

Teaching methods and learning activities

Students are strongly encouraged to participate in class and questions are frequently asked during the presentation of the themes, so that students can learn on their own. The first minutes of each class are based on the discussion of the themes of the previous class. The themes are presented using slides, which will be available for students, and they reproduce practical examples of application of biomaterials. Some classes will be given by renowned surgeons, where biomaterials will be applied in various areas of medicine and surgery.

Evaluation Type

Distributed evaluation without final exam

Assessment Components

Designation	Weight (%)
Teste	100,00
Total:	100,00

Amount of time allocated to each course unit

Designation	Time (hours)
Estudo autónomo	66,00
Frequência das aulas	42,00
Total:	108,00

Eligibility for exams

Terms of frequency: frquence of 3 distributed tests. 

Calculation formula of final grade

Average of 3 tests

 

 

Special assessment (TE, DA, ...)

Through an  examination.

 

Classification improvement

One exam will take place for classification improvement. Those students that did not reach a successful mark during the tests shall have to so this exam to try and obtain a final successful mark. In this exam they may only substitute the parts where success was not obtained during the tests.

 

Observations

Suitable for English-speaking students.