General Hydraulics II

Code:

EC0021

Acronym:

HGER2

Keywords
Classification	Keyword
OFICIAL	Hydraulics, Water Resources and Environment

Instance: 2013/2014 - 1S

Active?	Yes
E-learning page:	https://moodle.fe.up.pt/
Responsible unit:	Hydraulics, Water Resources and Environment Division
Course/CS Responsible:	Master in Civil Engineering

Cycles of Study/Courses

Acronym	No. of Students	Study Plan	Curricular Years	Credits UCN	Credits ECTS	Contact hours	Total Time
MIEC	271	Syllabus since 2006/2007	3	-	6,5	75	174

Teaching language

Portuguese

Objectives

JUSTIFICATION:
The lecture topics of the course unit General Hydraulics 2 have significance in Civil Engineering and are essential for the preparedness of future graduates. Enable knowledge about flow in pipelines and in open channels is critical for professional working in hydraulic structures, water supply and wastewater infrastructures, building construction, and transport infrastructures, among others. Those topics provide the basis for other course units within the Master in Civil Engineering, namely Hydrology and Water Resources and Environmental and Urban Hydraulics of the broadband curriculum and course units of the scientific area of Hydraulics (in the last year of the graduation course – 5th year).

OBJECTIVES:
Basis for the design of water distribution networks, in accordance to applicable legal requirements and pressure distribution analysis. Selection of hydraulic machines (pumps or turbines) for a given installation and evaluation of machine operating conditions, obtained from the system curve and the machine characteristic curve. To learn to characterise the uniform and the gradually varied flows and the hydraulic jump in open channels. Flow in natural channels.

Learning outcomes and competences

Knowledge: To design and/or to determine the flow distribution in water supply networks. To relate the diameters and the head losses with the need to maintain effective operational pressures. To define operating conditions of pumps in steady flow (discharge, manometric head, efficiency, rotation speed, net positive suction head) with basis on the system curve and on the pump, or multiple pump systems, characteristic curve. To select and to determine operating conditions of turbines for a given hydraulic structure. To differentiate flows in open channels. To link the discharge of water in a channel with depth in uniform or with water level variations due to singularities. To determine water level variations in gradually varied flows and the energy loss through the hydraulic jump.

Comprehension: To interpret the pipe flow rates and pressure heads which satisfy the continuity and energy conservation equations. To understand the need of limiting effective pressure in networks. To select and analyse the operating conditions of a hydraulic machine or multiple machines for an installation. To explain the link between water discharge and flow establishment. To evaluate the impact of singularities to that flow establishment. To determine the length of gradually varied flows and its importance in the study of river floods. To assess the length of energy dissipators through the hydraulic jump and to understand its importance to hydraulic structures.

Application: To apply the apprehended concepts in the analysis and the in solving of problems, which are as close as possible to the reality of water supply and wastewater infrastructures, hydraulic structures, and fluvial hydraulics. To develop perception of real phenomenon through laboratorial classes.

Analysis: To critically analyse, discuss and interpret obtained results, in order to consolidate knowledge of the phenomenon and of the used computation methods.

Synthesis: To critically explain possibilities and options in practice, seeking to briefly discuss the why behind the used approach and the relevancy of its application.

Evaluation: To critically analyse choices and used computation methods, having in mind their limitations and simplifications.

Working method

Presencial

Program

Chapter 1 – Flow of incompressible fluids in pipelines (part 2): uniform and varied flow regimes; pipeline and pump-pipeline systems and networks.

Chapter 2 – Hydraulic machines (pumps and turbines): types and selection; operating conditions within a given hydraulic system; similitude of hydraulic machines; net positive suction head limitations.

Chapter 3 – Flow in open channels: general aspects; types and geometry of channels; application of the Bernoulli theorem; momentum and energy equations; flow regimes, computation of water levels in gradually varied flow; the hydraulic jump; and applications in natural channels.

TOPICS' WEIGHTS: Cap. 1: 25%; Cap. 2: 25%; Cap. 3: 50%.

PERCENTUAL DISTRIBUTION:
Scientific Component - 50%;
Technological Component - 50%.

DEMONSTRATION OF THE SYLLABUS COHERENCE WITH THE CURRICULAR UNIT'S OBJECTIVES:
This course unit presents basic principles of hydraulics indispensable to the civil engineering exercise and practice, either to solve current or special problems, introducing also subjects to be developed in the course units of the specific area of Hydraulics, Water Resources and Environment (5th year).

Mandatory literature

Barbosa, J. Novais; Mecânica dos fluídos e hidráulica geral
António Carvalho Quintela; Hidráulica. ISBN: 972-31-0775-9
rev. by Martin Marriott; Nalluri & Featherstone.s civil engineering hydraulics. ISBN: 978-1-4051-6195-4

Complementary Bibliography

Chow, Ven Te; Open-Channel Hydraulics. ISBN: 07-010776-9
Lencastre, Armando; Hidráulica geral. ISBN: 972-95859-0-3

Teaching methods and learning activities

Theoretical classes: All subjects are presented and discussed during theoretical classes using media resources and whiteboard (where appropriate); theories and models are explained and elucidative exercises are solved at the end of each subject. The basic supporting material is available from Sigarra (FEUP’s information system).

Practical classes: For each chapter topic a selection of exercises is proposed; during class, time is dedicated to the discussion of the proposed exercises, and the teacher will clarify individually or collectively student’s doubts.

Laboratorial classes: Two demonstrative sessions, one on hydraulic machines and the other on open channel flows, are foreseen per school year, so students can experiment in laboratory what is presented in theoretical and practical classes.

DEMONSTRATION OF THE COHERENCE BETWEEN THE TEACHING METHODOLOGIES AND THE LEARNING OUTCOMES:
The presentation of concepts, principles and fundamental hydraulic theories by using interpretation of illustrative examples aims to develop scientific and critical thinking related to the subjects studied. In this way, students develop a proper attitude and thinking to solve engineering problems (from current to special ones), as well as a solid basis for the subsequent course units, allowing rigorous problems formulations and the correct application of the techniques learned.

Software

EPANET

keywords

Technological sciences > Engineering > Civil engineering > Hydraulic engineering
Technological sciences > Engineering > Civil engineering

Evaluation Type

Distributed evaluation with final exam

Assessment Components

Designation	Weight (%)
Exame	75,00
Teste	25,00
Total:	100,00

Amount of time allocated to each course unit

Designation	Time (hours)
Estudo autónomo	100,00
Frequência das aulas	70,00
Total:	170,00

Eligibility for exams

Achieving final classification requires compliance with attendance at the course unit, according to the MIEC assessment rules. It is considered that students meet the attendance requirements if, having been regularly enrolled, the number of absences of 25% for each of the classes’ types is not exceeded.

Calculation formula of final grade

The final grade of General Hydraulics 2 is defined with basis on a “Final Exam” (EF) and two Distributed Evaluation Components (CAD1 and CAD 2), which are optional and performed on a date to be set each year.

EF: Exam to be performed in the normal or re-sit examination season, without consultation, with a theoretical part (including subjects of the laboratory classes) and a practical part (includes a form), with the maximum total duration of 3.0 hours (evaluation expressed on a 0-to-20 numerical scale, rounded to one decimal place: theory – 50%; practice – 50%).

Distributed Evaluation Components (optional):

CAD1: Distributed Evaluation Component 1, to be performed on a schedule coincident with the theoretical classes, with a maximum duration of 45 min (evaluation expressed on a 0-to-20 numerical scale, rounded to one decimal place);

CAD2: Distributed Evaluation Component 2, to be performed on a schedule coincident with the theoretical classes, with a maximum duration of 45 min (evaluation expressed on a 0-to-20 numerical scale, rounded to one decimal place);

According to the MIEC Evaluation Rules (paragraph 3.2.d), students have the possibility of substituting one or the two Distributed Evaluation Components by the Final Exam. Therefore, the FINAL GRADE (CF) will be the best grade obtained by the following formulas:

CF1 = 0.750 EF + 0.125 CAD1 + 0.125 CAD2

CF2 = 0.875 EF + 0.125 CAD1

CF3 = 0.875 EF + 0.125 CAD2

CF4 = 1.000 EF

i.e., CF = maximum {CF1, CF2, CF3, CF4} (CF rounded to the unity).

Note 1: CAD1 focuses on subjects related to flow of incompressible fluids in pipelines, network analysis and hydraulic machines; CAD2 focuses on matters related to open channel flows; the Final Exam (EF) covers all the course unit subjects.

NOTE 2: ALL students enrolled on the course unit are classified according to this method, i.e., students with a special status are also evaluated according to this method.

Note 3: ONLY the marks obtained in the current scholar year (EF, CAD1 and CAD2) are considered to calculate the Final Grade (CF), i.e., the marks obtained in Distributed Evaluation Components carried out in the previous years are NOT considered.

Note 4: The students enrolled to the Final Exam for classification improvement (see specific rule) are excluded from this method of calculating the final grade, as well as the students with a special status undergoing examination in a special season (see specific rule).

Note 5: Improvement of the Distributed Evaluation classification is not allowed (see specific rule).

Note 6: The students that miss a Distributed Evaluation Component (CAD1 or CAD2), with a justification accepted by the Director of MIEC, have the possibility of performing a re-sit test (but only once).

Examinations or Special Assignments

Experimental works to be carried out in the two laboratory demonstration classes, as described in "Teaching Procedures".

Special assessment (TE, DA, ...)

The students with a Special Status are classified according to the method presented in "Final grade", EXCEPT when they undergo examination in a Special Season. In this case, according to the NGA, students are evaluated in a “single evaluation moment”, which consist of an exam with the same characteristics of the Final Exam (FE). The Special Exam grade is expressed on a 0-to-20 numerical scale, rounded to the unity: theory – 50%; practice – 50%.

Classification improvement

The students that have already obtained approval in the course unit can perform CLASSIFICATION IMPROVEMENT, only once, and exclusively by a Final Exam (EF), to be performed in the two following examination seasons (Normal or Re-sit).

Being the classification improvement performed exclusively by a Final Exam (evaluation expressed on a 0-to-20 numerical scale, rounded to the unit), there is no room for improvement of the classification of the Distributed Evaluation Components.

The Final Grade in the course unit is the highest between the one initially obtained and the one resulting from the classification improvement.

Observations

SPECIAL RULES FOR MOBILITY STUDENTS:

Frequency of graduation course units introductory to the subjects covered by General Hydraulics 2. Proficiency in Portuguese.

Mobility students perform the Final Exam and Distributed Evaluation Components in Portuguese. Mobility students may have tutorial support in English during the theoretical-practical classes, if they request so.

PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE:
The non-attendance and/or non-approval in General hydraulics 1 increases the difficulty level of the present course unit.

ESTIMATED WORKING TIME OUT OF CLASSES: 5 hours/week.