Clinical Anatomy

Code:

MV221

Acronym:

AC

Keywords
Classification	Keyword
OFICIAL	Clinical Sciences

Instance: 2016/2017 - 2S

Active?	Yes
Responsible unit:	Anatomy
Course/CS Responsible:	Integrated Masters Degree in Veterinary Medicine

Cycles of Study/Courses

Acronym	No. of Students	Study Plan	Curricular Years	Credits UCN	Credits ECTS	Contact hours	Total Time
MIMV	74	Plan 2007 to 2017	2	-	5	64	135

Teaching language

Portuguese

Objectives

The major aims of the Clinical Anatomy curriculum are to acquire knowledge and to understand the topographic anatomy of carnivores, equines and bovines. The purpose is to develop the ability to reason from an anatomical basis in to the solution of clinical problems and providing the anatomical features that are the basis of medical, diagnostic and surgical procedures. The acquisition of anatomical knowledge on rabbit and avian morphology is also a goal of the subject.

Learning outcomes and competences

1. Theoretical scientific knowledge:
 1.1. Nomenclature of animal body subdivisions (i.e., the anatomical regions using the Portuguese translations of the terms in Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria).
 1.2. Regional conformation and the anatomical basis that characterize the conformation region of the animal body.
 1.3. Identification of anatomical landmarks.
 1.4. To position anatomical structures and to understand their interrelationships.
 1.5. To project deep structures on the animal surface.
 1.6. Radiographic anatomy (some aspects).

 2. Skills:
 2.1. To observe and palpate anatomical landmarks.
 2.2. To outline anatomical regions, areas of semiotic exploration and surgical fields.
 2.3 To project deep structures on the animal surface.
 2.4. To identify anatomical structures in animal cadavers.
 2.5. To expose anatomical structures properly, and to understand the clinical consequences of a damaged structure.
 2.6. To recognize anatomical structures in radiographic exams, and to interpret some of their topographical changes.
 2.7. To solve basic clinical problems.

 3. General attitudes:
 3.1. Methodical and rigorous observation.
 3.2. Verbal communication.
 3.3. Team work.

Working method

Presencial

Pre-requirements (prior knowledge) and co-requirements (common knowledge)

Systematic Anatomy I and II

Histology I and II

Physiology

Program

Theoretical syllabus I.     Head         Face            Fundament for anaesthetic blocks of cranial nerves         Paranasal sinuses         Orbita         Cervicofacial transition II.    Thorax         Thoracic wall and thoracotomies. Diaphragm. Pleura         Viscera III.   Abdomen         Abdominal wall and laparotomies. Inguinal canal         Viscera IV.   Pelvis         Pelvic wall VI.   Thoracic and pelvic limb in carnivores VI.   Avian clinical anatomy         Phylogeny         Skin and feathers         Head         Musculoskeletal system         Neck         Thoracoabdominal cavity         Lymphoid system         Nervous system         Genital organs; egg Practical syllabus          Surface anatomy of head; topography of the face          Paranasal sinuses and projection areas          Surgical approaches to the cervicofacial transition          Toracotomies          Exploratory laparotomy in a dog’ cadaver; abdominal Rx          European rabbit anatomy: head, thorax and abdomen          Distal limb of equines and bovines          Surgical approaches to the pelvic and thoracic limb of the dog          Avian clinical anatomy

Mandatory literature

De Lahunta Alexander; Applied veterinary anatomy. ISBN: 0-7216-1431-0
Dyce K. M.; Tratado de anatomia veterinária. ISBN: 85-277-0422-6
McLelland J; A colour atlas of Avian Anatomy, Wolfe Publishing Ltd, 1990. ISBN: 0-7234-1575-7
Sandoval Juárez José; Anatomia aplicada veterinaria. ISBN: 84-345-2874-6
Smith Mark M.; Atlas of approaches for general surgery of the dog and cat. ISBN: 0-7216-3515-6
Popesko Peter; Atlas de anatomía topográfica de los animales domésticos. ISBN: 84-458-0753-6
Piermattei Donald L.; An atlas of surgical approaches to the bones and joints of the dog and cat. ISBN: 0-7216-1012-9
Ashdown Raymond R. 070; Color atlas of veterinary anatomy. ISBN: 0-7234-2662-7

Comments from the literature

Additional bibliographic references are provided, where applicable, in the summary of lectures.

Teaching methods and learning activities

Theoretical lectures – The scientific contents of Clinical Anatomy are presented by the professor and are illustrated by images in slides produced by computer (Power point). Other audiovisual material can also be used (ex. videotapes). Interactions between professor and students are to occur. This allows the lecturer to identify putative difficulties of students in understanding anatomical concept.

Laboratory classes – The acquisition of skills regarding surface anatomy of animals is an important goal of the course (skills 2.1 to 2.3). For this we use refrigerated cadavers, or their parts (e.g. heads), of dogs, cows and horses. In the study of topographic anatomy, previously prepared anatomical models (animal cadavers and their parts) are studied in the laboratory classes (skill 2.4). The topographical knowledge is also applied to train surgical approaches in refrigerated cadavers of dogs (skil 2.5). The surgical procedures are selected with the goal of illustrating animal anatomy, and their foreseeable usefulness for the clinical practice of the future DVM. Imagiological exams are employed to test whether the students are able to identify anatomical structures and to interpret their topographical changes in the clinical setting (e.g. ventral deviation of the trachea due to a megaesophagus; skill 2.6). In addition, there are classes devoted to avian and rabbit anatomy. In laboratory classes, is made dissection of cadavers of these animals that are purchased from slaughterhouses, without being eviscerated. The students also study cadavers that have been previously dissected by our technical staff. Skeletons and individual bones of these species are employed to teach osteology.The acquisition of scientific knowledge and the capacity to use it properly is tested in every laboratory lecture. The students will be tested by questions based on clinical problems (goal 2.7 of the skills - to solve basic clinical problems).

Evaluation Type

Distributed evaluation with final exam

Assessment Components

Designation	Weight (%)
Exame	50,00
Participação presencial	15,00
Prova oral	35,00
Total:	100,00

Amount of time allocated to each course unit

Designation	Time (hours)
Estudo autónomo	66,00
Frequência das aulas	56,00
Trabalho laboratorial	13,00
Total:	135,00

Eligibility for exams

The students must attain to at least 75% of the practical classes.

Calculation formula of final grade

1. The evaluation of students in Clinical Anatomy comprises an evaluation performed during laboratory classes (A), a written theoretical test (B) and a practical-oral test (C). The final grade calculus obeys to the following formula: Final grade = 0,15A + 0,5B + 0,35C.

The role of each of the evaluation components is the following:

2. Evaluation in laboratory classes corresponds to the sum of the classifications obtained in the “clinical problems” performed during the laboratory classes. There is not a minimal value for this classification for admission of the student to the written theoretical exam.

3. The written theoretical exam consists in a multiple choice test that requires a classification of at least 9.5 (in 20) for admission of the student to the practical-oral exam.

4. The practical-oral exam involves the performance of a laboratory task previously trained during the laboratory classes (e.g. to perform a surgical approach).

Examinations or Special Assignments

N/A

Observations

The objectives of the Clinical Anatomy compete for the acquisition of the following day-one skills  of MIMV:

Professional general attributes and capacities

6- Hear and communicate in a cordial way. Communicate effectively with clients, professional colleagues, authorities, organisms, and the lay public, using language in a form appropriate to the audience and the context.

8- Prepare clear reports and maintain records in all areas of veterinary services in a rigorous and understandable form both for colleagues and the public.

Knowledge and understanding

1- The sciences and technologies on which the veterinary activities are based.

4- The structure and functions of healthy animals (…).

Practical competences

16- Correctly perform the commonest surgical procedures in domestic animals.