The Triumph of the blue in nature and in Anthropocene

• Tipo: Artigo em Revista Científica Internacional
• Data: 2023

Autores

Pina, F (Autor) Outra; Basilio, N (Autor) Outra; Parola, AJ (Autor) Outra; Melo, MJ (Autor) Outra; Joana Oliveira (Autor) FCUP; Victor de Freitas (Autor) FCUP

Revista

Título: Dyes and Pigments

Vol. 210

ISSN: 0143-7208

Editora: Elsevier

Indexação

ISI Web of Knowledge - 11 Citações

Scopus - 12 Citações

Outras Informações

ID Authenticus: P-00X-JN2

DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2022.110925

Abstract (EN): Blue was the last color to be spread in Nature by the anthocyanins present in angiosperms, and the last color to be managed by Humans in Anthropocene. Blue also appears in a small number of algae, fungi, and bacteria, but these living beings have very little to do with the profusion of a natural blue hue. Humanity took many long years to figure out how to reproduce and use blue -the classic example of which is indigo dye, extracted from plants like the Indigofera tinctoria. However, even simple anthocyanins are not capable of achieving blue. Plants had to develop strategies to fix this color, mainly by intramolecular copigmentation in acylated anthocyanins and complexation with metals, as in metalloanthocyanins. Blue was absent in the first paleolithic cave paintings. Those depictions were made using reds, yellows, and blacks of all hues, but no blue. In addition, blue LEDs and LASERs came later after red and green. It was only at the end of the 20th century that genetic engineering was able to create blue flowers adapted to the markets to meet consumer demands. Food and beverage producers continue to look for a natural blue as an alternative to synthetic colorants. Blue remained a second-rate color in the West for a long time. Despite that fact, in many countries blue is now the preferred color. In this review we track the appearance of blue in Nature and in the Anthropocene.

Idioma: Inglês

Tipo (Avaliação Docente): Científica

Nº de páginas: 17