Carbon Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Alzheimer's Disease Biomarkers: Progress, Challenges, and Future Perspectives

• Type: Another Publication in an International Scientific Journal
• Date: 2025

Authors

Sak, B (Author) Other; Sousa, HBA (Author) Other; Joao A V Prior (Author) FFUP

Journal

Title: Biosensors-Basel

Vol. 15

Final page: 684

ISSN: 2079-6374

Publisher: MDPI

Indexing

ISI Web of Knowledge - 0 Citations

Scopus - 0 Citations

Other information

Authenticus ID: P-01A-7G7

DOI: 10.3390/bios15100684

Abstract (EN): Alzheimer's disease (AD) requires early and accurate identification of affected brain regions, which can be achieved through the detection of specific biomarkers to enable timely intervention. Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), including graphene derivatives, carbon nanotubes, graphitic carbon nitride, carbon black, fullerenes, and carbon dots, offer high conductivity, large electroactive surface area, and versatile surface chemistry that enhance biosensor performance. While such properties benefit a wide range of transduction principles (e.g., electrochemical, optical, and plasmonic), this review focuses on their role in electrochemical biosensors. This review summarizes CNM-based electrochemical platforms reported from 2020 to mid-2025, employing aptamers, antibodies, and molecularly imprinted polymers for AD biomarker detection. Covered topics include fabrication strategies, transduction formats, analytical performance in complex matrices, and validation. Reported devices achieve limits of detection from the femtomolar to picogram per milliliter range, with linear ranges typically spanning 2-3 orders of magnitude (e.g., from femtomolar to picomolar, or from picogram to nanogram per milliliter levels). They exhibit high selectivity against common interferents such as BSA, glucose, uric acid, ascorbic acid, dopamine, and non-target peptides, along with growing capabilities for multiplexing and portable operation. Remaining challenges include complex fabrication, limited long-term stability and reproducibility data, scarce clinical cohort testing, and sustainability issues. Opportunities for scalable production and integration into point-of-care workflows are outlined.

Language: English

Type (Professor's evaluation): Scientific

No. of pages: 56