Seed Mixes in Landscape Design and Management: An Untapped Conservation Tool for Pollinators in Cities

• Type: Article in International Scientific Journal
• Date: 2025

Authors

Cláudia Fernandes (Author) FCUP; Medeiros, A (Author) Other; Teixeira, C (Author) Other; Porto, M (Author) Other; Xavier, M (Author) Other; Ferreira, S (Author) Other; Afonso, A (Author) Other

Journal

Title: Land

Vol. 14 No. 1

Final page: 1477

Publisher: MDPI

Indexing

ISI Web of Knowledge - 0 Citations

Scopus - 0 Citations

Other information

Authenticus ID: P-019-NDS

DOI: 10.3390/land14071477

Abstract (EN): Urban green spaces are increasingly recognized as important habitats for pollinators, and wildflower seed mixes marketed as pollinator-friendly are gaining popularity, though their actual conservation value remains poorly understood. This study provides the first systematic screening of commercially available seed mixes in Portugal, evaluating their taxonomic composition, origin, life cycle traits, and potential to support pollinator communities. A total of 229 seed mixes were identified. Although these have a predominance of native species (median 86%), the taxonomic diversity was limited, with 91% of mixes comprising species from only one or two families, predominantly Poaceae and Fabaceae, potentially restricting the range of floral resources available to pollinators. Only 21 seed mixes met the criteria for being pollinator-friendly, based on a three-step decision tree prioritizing native species, extended flowering periods, and visual diversity. These showed the highest percentage of native species (median 87%) and a greater representation of flowering plants. However, 76% of all mixes still included at least one non-native species, although none is considered invasive. Perennial species dominated all seed mix types, indicating the potential for the long-term persistence of wildflower meadows in urban spaces. Despite their promise, the ecological quality and transparency of the seed mix composition remain inconsistent, with limited certification or information on species origin. This highlights the need for clearer labeling, regulatory guidance, and ecologically informed formulations. Seed mixes, if properly designed and implemented, represent a largely untapped yet cost-effective tool for enhancing the pollinator habitats and biodiversity within urban landscapes.

Language: English

Type (Professor's evaluation): Scientific

No. of pages: 20