Complementary Physics
Keywords |
Classification |
Keyword |
OFICIAL |
Physics |
Instance: 2024/2025 - 2S 
Cycles of Study/Courses
Teaching Staff - Responsibilities
Teaching language
Portuguese
Objectives
Deepen the knowledge of Physics acquired in the first cycle of studies having as a reference the standard program of the secondary education cycle. The approach will follow along the components:
- i) review of concepts bearing in mind the historical perspective of their evolution;
- ii) analysis of concrete situations that imply operational mastery of those concepts, which not being demanding from a formal point of view require insight into the associated principles.
Learning outcomes and competences
The skills to be acquired by students should allow:
- i) to acquire a comprehensive view of the main areas of physics, their current situation, and open questions for the future;
- ii) to expose, model and solve simple problems of classical physics;
iii) to frame and expose basic problems of relativity and modern physics.
Working method
Presencial
Pre-requirements (prior knowledge) and co-requirements (common knowledge)
The established ones to access the MSc degree
Program
Energy: Energy and motion; energy and electrical phenomena; energy, thermal phenomena and radiation.
Mechanics: Time, position, velocity and acceleration; forces and motion; the fundamental interactions; Newton's laws; dynamics of a system of particles; conservation of linear and angular momentum; elastic and inelastic collisions; Kepler's Laws and Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation; physical fields.
Fluids: Pressure and viscosity forces; fluid accelerations; Euler's law; static and moving fluids; hydrostatics paradoxes.
Thermodynamics: Energy and work. Internal energy. Reversible and irreversible processes. Calorie concept and mechanical equivalent of heat. Heat and mechanical energy. Heat capacity and latent heat. Temperature. Where does absolute zero temperature come from? Temperature scales. General properties of substances. The very special case of water. Kinetic theory of gases. Perfect gas equation and Van der Waals equation. Laws of thermodynamics. Heat engines. General considerations.
Mechanics Waves: Characterization of a wave; transverse waves and longitudinal waves; sound as a pressure wave; waves, signals and information.
Electrical and Magnetic Phenomena: Interactions between charges and Coulomb's law; electric field and equipotential surfaces; moving charges and magnetic fields; simultaneous action of magnetic and electric fields on moving charges; interaction of electric and magnetic fields; electric potential and electric current; electric circuits; generation and transport of electric energy.
Electromagnetic Waves: The special case of electromagnetic waves; parameters that characterize an electromagnetic wave; reflection, refraction, diffraction and interference; the electromagnetic spectrum; considerations about the propagation of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum; Einstein and the theory of relativity; electromagnetic waves in the Universe.
Relativistic Physics: The experiment of Michelson-Morley that point out to the invariance of the speed of light in vacuum; Einstein and the theory of special relativity; time dilation, space contraction and mass/energy relation; consequences for the proper operation of satellite-based geolocation systems; the generalization of this theory to accelerated frames; the theory of general relativity. The expansion of the Universe. Reflections on the designation “Theory of Relativity”; philosophical considerations.
Quantum Physics: Emission and absorption of electromagnetic radiation; Lorentz model; Planck and the quantization of energy; the photoelectric effect and photons; wave-corpuscle duality; quantum of action; quantum mechanics and its implications.
The Atom: The structure of the atom; electrons, protons, neutrons and vacuum; atomic energy levels; atomic nucleus and nuclear binding energy; radioactive decay (alpha, beta and gamma); activity of a radioactive sample; natural and artificial sources of radioactivity; applications, biological effects and radioactivity detectors; nuclear reactions (nuclear fusion and nuclear fission); the future of electric energy.
Considerations about the future of Physics: Historical perspective around the statement “the end of physics”; to where is physics going?; big open issues; wondering on "where will the frontier of knowledge in physics be in the year 3000?"
Mandatory literature
Finn, E. J., Alonso, M.; Física, Escolar Editora, 2012
Complementary Bibliography
Breithaupt, J; Física, LTC, 2018
Gibbs, K. ; The Resourceful Physics Teacher: 600 Ideas for Creative Teaching, CRC Press, 1999
Heilbron, J. L., ; The History of Physics: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2018
Teaching methods and learning activities
The syllabus proposed, in line with the secondary school physics program, seeks, on the one hand, to complement the physics training that the students had in their first degree, focusing on the consolidation of fundamental concepts related to the understanding of physical phenomena and their application in the resolution of concrete situations, as well as in the development of technology, but also providing them with the environment that allows to elaborate reflections on physics, its historical evolution, current situation and trajectory to the future.
The lasses will have a mixed format, combining the exposure of themes with the study and resolution of exercises.
The introduction to each of the themes indicated in the proposed program will include a reference to its development process and historical context, as well as what is expected in terms of its evolution.
Evaluation Type
Evaluation with final exam
Assessment Components
designation |
Weight (%) |
Exame |
100,00 |
Total: |
100,00 |
Amount of time allocated to each course unit
designation |
Time (hours) |
Estudo autónomo |
120,00 |
Frequência das aulas |
42,00 |
Total: |
162,00 |
Eligibility for exams
Attendance of theoretical-practical classes according to
established rules.
Calculation formula of final grade
The assessment is by final exam in the normal and extra periods; there are no frequency conditions for accessing these exams.
Examinations or Special Assignments
Nothing to state.
Internship work/project
Nothing to state.
Special assessment (TE, DA, ...)
Nothing to state.
Classification improvement
Following established rules.
Observations
The jury of the curricular unit is:
- Jose Luis Campos Oliveira Santos
- Maria de Fátima Gonçalves da Mota