Code: | GEOL2006 | Acronym: | GEOL2006 |
Keywords | |
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Classification | Keyword |
OFICIAL | Geology |
Active? | Yes |
Responsible unit: | Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Plannings |
Course/CS Responsible: | Bachelor in Geology |
Acronym | No. of Students | Study Plan | Curricular Years | Credits UCN | Credits ECTS | Contact hours | Total Time |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L:B | 9 | Official Study Plan | 3 | - | 6 | 48 | 162 |
L:CC | 2 | study plan from 2021/22 | 2 | - | 6 | 48 | 162 |
3 | |||||||
L:F | 1 | Official Study Plan | 2 | - | 6 | 48 | 162 |
3 | |||||||
L:G | 48 | study plan from 2017/18 | 2 | - | 6 | 48 | 162 |
L:M | 0 | Official Study Plan | 2 | - | 6 | 48 | 162 |
3 | |||||||
L:Q | 0 | study plan from 2016/17 | 3 | - | 6 | 48 | 162 |
The aims of Structural Geology are the study of deformed rocks. This is achieved by the description of the geometry of geological structures, by the kinematics that rocks have experienced during their deformation history and by the understanding of the dynamics involved during the deformation. There are studied principles of rock mechanics (stress, strain and reology).
Knowledge and understanding of the fundamental concepts of structural geology and its applications. Development of practical skills in the field of structural mapping and graphical techniques for representation and analysis of structural data.
INTRODUCTION 1.Structural geology as a science 2. Aims 3. Structures: examples 4. Scales of observation 5. Structural analysis: descriptive, dynamic and kinematic DINAMIC ANALYSIS 1. Stress 1.1 Definition and units 1.2 Normal stress and shear stress 1.3 Principal stress directions 1.4 Stress tensor 2. Two dimensional stress 2.1 The Mohr Diagram stress 2.2 Maximal stress directions 3. Three dimensional stress 3.1 The Mohr Diagram stress 4. Special cases 5. Deviatoric stress 6. Hydrostatic stress 7. Lithostatic stress 8. Exercises KINEMATIC ANALYSIS 1. Strain 2. Strain parameters 2.1 Changes in lenghts 2.2 Changes in angles 3. Homogeneous and heterogenous deformation 4. Two dimensional homogeneous deformation 4.1 The strain ellipse 4.2 Rotational and non-rotational strain; coaxial and nocoaxial strain 4.3 The Mohr Strain Diagram 4.4 Pure shear and simple shear 5. Determination of strain ellipse 6. Three dimensional strain 6.1 Strain ellipsoid 6.2 Flinn Diagram 6.3 The Mohr Strain Diagram 7.1 7. Strain rates 7.1 Geological strain rates STRUCTURES 1.Folds 1.1 Geometry of folds 1.2 Attitude of the fold 1.3 Classifying folds 1.4 Flexural slip fold, buckling 1.5 Kinematic analysis of folding 2. Foliation 2.1 Nature of foliation 2.1.1 Fracture cleavage 2.1.2 Crenulation cleavage 2.1.3 Slaty cleavage and Schistosity 3. Faults 3.1 Strain significance of faults 3.2 Definitions and distinctions 3.3 Dynamic analysis of faulting (Anderson’s theory) 3.4 Normal-slip faults 3.4.1 Ramp-flat geometry. 3.4.2 Listric normal faulting. Detachment faulting. Imbricate listric normal faulting 3.4.3 Normal fault systems. 3.4.4 Horsts and graben. 3.4.5 Rift valleys 3.4.6 Extensional tectonics 3.4.7 Extensional duplexes 3.5 Thrust and reverse -slip faults 3.5.1 Overthrusts 3.5.2 Ramp-flat geometry. 3.5.3 Thin- skinned deformation 3.5.4 Foreland folds and thrust belts. Hinterland e foreland. 3.5.5 Imbricate fans 3.5.6 Duplexes 3.5.7 Fluid pressure in thrust faulting 3.5.8 Thick skinned deformation 3.6 Strike-slip faulting 3.6.1 Transformant faults 3.6.2 Riedel shears. P shears. 3.6.3 Bends and stepovers. 3.6.4 Transpression and transtension 3.6.5 Pull- apart basins 3.6.6 Strike-slip duplexes. Flower structures. 4 Shear zones 4.1 Brittle, brittle-ductile and ductile shear zones 4.2 The strain in shear zones 4.2.1 Heterogeneous simple shear 4.3 Deflection of markers 4.4 Shear-sense indicators 4.5 Shear bands, s-c fabrics, mica fish, and porphyroblasts, pressure shadows, sheath folds 5. Lineations 5.1 Slickensides 5.2 “Boudinage” 5.3 Quatz rods 5.4 Mullions 5.5 Mineral lineations. Lineations a and b. 6. Joints 6.1 Description 6.2 Regional jointing 6.3 Magmatic joints Practical contents I- Descriptive geometry. Basically exercises. Applications in Structural Geology. Translative faults. II- Stereographic projection. Applications in Structural Geology. III- Block diagrams.
In the classes we use presentations like Powerpoint, which include graphs, diagrams, images, photographs and field photos. These materials are placed in SIGARRA early in the semester, so students can organize their files in advance. We also use Flash videos related to the processes of structures formation.
Observation of hand samples is also performed. A field trip is always done in the end of the semester.
In some classes exercises which involve theoretical concepts are presented.
designation | Weight (%) |
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Exame | 100,00 |
Total: | 100,00 |
designation | Time (hours) |
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Estudo autónomo | 50,00 |
Frequência das aulas | 50,00 |
Total: | 100,00 |
The evaluation consists of two components:
- a moodle exam of the theoretical contents
- an examination of the practical and theoretical-practical contents.
The final mark is calculated by adding the classifications of the two components.