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Structural Geology

Code: GEOL2006     Acronym: GEOL2006

Keywords
Classification Keyword
OFICIAL Geology

Instance: 2020/2021 - 2S Ícone do Moodle Ícone  do Teams

Active? Yes
Responsible unit: Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Plannings
Course/CS Responsible: Bachelor in Geology

Cycles of Study/Courses

Acronym No. of Students Study Plan Curricular Years Credits UCN Credits ECTS Contact hours Total Time
L:G 34 study plan from 2017/18 2 - 6 56 162
Mais informaçõesLast updated on 2021-02-15.

Fields changed: Calculation formula of final grade, Componentes de Avaliação e Ocupação, Tipo de avaliação

Teaching language

Portuguese

Objectives

The aims of Structural Geology are the study of deformed rocks. This is achieved by the description of the geometry of geological structures, by the kinematics that rocks have experienced during their deformation history and by the understanding of the dynamics involved during the deformation. There are studied principles of rock mechanics (stress, strain and reology).

Learning outcomes and competences

Knowledge and understanding of the fundamental concepts of structural geology and its applications. Development of practical skills in the field of structural mapping and graphical techniques for representation and analysis of structural data.

Working method

Presencial

Program

INTRODUCTION 1.Structural geology as a science 2. Aims 3. Structures: examples 4. Scales of observation 5. Structural analysis: descriptive, dynamic and kinematic DINAMIC ANALYSIS 1. Stress 1.1 Definition and units 1.2 Normal stress and shear stress 1.3 Principal stress directions 1.4 Stress tensor 2. Two dimensional stress 2.1 The Mohr Diagram stress 2.2 Maximal stress directions 3. Three dimensional stress 3.1 The Mohr Diagram stress 4. Special cases 5. Deviatoric stress 6. Hydrostatic stress 7. Lithostatic stress 8. Exercises KINEMATIC ANALYSIS 1. Strain 2. Strain parameters 2.1 Changes in lenghts 2.2 Changes in angles 3. Homogeneous and heterogenous deformation 4. Two dimensional homogeneous deformation 4.1 The strain ellipse 4.2 Rotational and non-rotational strain; coaxial and nocoaxial strain 4.3 The Mohr Strain Diagram 4.4 Pure shear and simple shear 5. Determination of strain ellipse 6. Three dimensional strain 6.1 Strain ellipsoid 6.2 Flinn Diagram 6.3 The Mohr Strain Diagram 7.1 7. Strain rates 7.1 Geological strain rates STRUCTURES 1.Folds 1.1 Geometry of folds 1.2 Attitude of the fold 1.3 Classifying folds 1.4 Flexural slip fold, buckling 1.5 Kinematic analysis of folding 2. Foliation 2.1 Nature of foliation 2.1.1 Fracture cleavage 2.1.2 Crenulation cleavage 2.1.3 Slaty cleavage and Schistosity 3. Faults 3.1 Strain significance of faults 3.2 Definitions and distinctions 3.3 Dynamic analysis of faulting (Anderson’s theory) 3.4 Normal-slip faults 3.4.1 Ramp-flat geometry. 3.4.2 Listric normal faulting. Detachment faulting. Imbricate listric normal faulting 3.4.3 Normal fault systems. 3.4.4 Horsts and graben. 3.4.5 Rift valleys 3.4.6 Extensional tectonics 3.4.7 Extensional duplexes 3.5 Thrust and reverse -slip faults 3.5.1 Overthrusts 3.5.2 Ramp-flat geometry. 3.5.3 Thin- skinned deformation 3.5.4 Foreland folds and thrust belts. Hinterland e foreland. 3.5.5 Imbricate fans 3.5.6 Duplexes 3.5.7 Fluid pressure in thrust faulting 3.5.8 Thick skinned deformation 3.6 Strike-slip faulting 3.6.1 Transformant faults 3.6.2 Riedel shears. P shears. 3.6.3 Bends and stepovers. 3.6.4 Transpression and transtension 3.6.5 Pull- apart basins 3.6.6 Strike-slip duplexes. Flower structures. 4 Shear zones 4.1 Brittle, brittle-ductile and ductile shear zones 4.2 The strain in shear zones 4.2.1 Heterogeneous simple shear 4.3 Deflection of markers 4.4 Shear-sense indicators 4.5 Shear bands, s-c fabrics, mica fish,  and  porphyroblasts, pressure shadows, sheath folds 5. Lineations 5.1 Slickensides 5.2 “Boudinage” 5.3 Quatz rods 5.4 Mullions 5.5 Mineral lineations. Lineations a and b. 6. Joints 6.1 Description 6.2 Regional jointing 6.3 Magmatic joints Practical contents I- Descriptive geometry. Basically exercises. Applications in Structural Geology. Translative faults. II- Stereographic projection. Applications in Structural Geology. III- Block diagrams.

Mandatory literature

Davis, G.H.& Reynolds, S.J.; Structural geology of rocks and regions. , John Wiley & Sons, New York, 776 pp., 1996
Mattauer, M. Ce que disent les pierres. Belin. 144 pp.; Ce que disent les pierres. , Belin. 144 pp., 1998
Ramsay, J.G. & Hubner, M.; The techniques of modern structural geology. Strain analysis., Academic Press. Vol.1, 307 pp. , 1983
Ramsay, J.G. & Hubner, M. ; The techniques of modern structural geology. Folds and fractures., Academic Press. Vol.2, 700 pp., 1987

Complementary Bibliography

Billings, M.P. ; Structural Geology. Third Edition. , Prentice-Hall, Inc., 606 pp., 1972
Nougier, P. ; Déformation de roches et transformation de leur minéraux. Initiation à la tectonique. , Ellipses Édition. 172 pp., 2000

Teaching methods and learning activities

In the classes we use presentations like Powerpoint, which include graphs, diagrams, images, photographs and field photos. These materials are placed in SIGARRA early in the semester, so students can organize their files in advance. We also use Flash videos related to the processes of structures formation.

Observation of hand samples is also performed.  A field trip is always done in the end of the semester.

In some classes exercises which involve theoretical concepts are presented.

 

Evaluation Type

Distributed evaluation without final exam

Assessment Components

designation Weight (%)
Teste 50,00
Trabalho prático ou de projeto 50,00
Total: 100,00

Amount of time allocated to each course unit

designation Time (hours)
Estudo autónomo 50,00
Frequência das aulas 50,00
Total: 100,00

Eligibility for exams

Frequência das aulas TP.

Calculation formula of final grade

The evaluation will be continuous and will consist of 2 theoretical tests (moodle) and 5 mini-tests (moodle or face-to-face).

If the student obtains a rating of less than 10 in the sum of the evaluation components, he / she needs to do a single exam that includes all components.

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