Optics

Code:

F302

Acronym:

F302

Keywords
Classification	Keyword
OFICIAL	Physics

Instance: 2015/2016 - 2S

Active?	Yes
Responsible unit:	Department of Physics and Astronomy
Course/CS Responsible:	Bachelor in Physics

Cycles of Study/Courses

Acronym	No. of Students	Study Plan	Curricular Years	Credits UCN	Credits ECTS	Contact hours	Total Time
L:AST	0	Plano de Estudos a partir de 2008	3	-	7,5	-
L:B	0	Plano de estudos a partir de 2008	3	-	7,5	-
L:F	24	Plano de estudos a partir de 2008	3	-	7,5	-
L:G	0	P.E - estudantes com 1ª matricula anterior a 09/10	3	-	7,5	-
		P.E - estudantes com 1ª matricula em 09/10	3	-	7,5	-
L:M	0	Plano de estudos a partir de 2009	3	-	7,5	-
L:Q	0	Plano de estudos Oficial	3	-	7,5	-
MI:EF	26	Plano de Estudos a partir de 2007	3	-	7,5	-

Teaching language

Portuguese

Objectives

Provide an overview of Classical Optics. Present the principles and methods and methods of Geometrical Optics and its applications in optical instrumentation. Address the phenomenology and applications of polarization, interference and diffraction of optical waves. Present aspects of Modern Optics relevant to science and technology.

Learning outcomes and competences

Achieve an articulated grasp of Classical Optics and its relationship with Modern Optics. Understand the methods of Geometrical Optics and its limitations, and apply those methods in the analysis of optical systems. Master the fundamental aspects of Physical Optics (polarization, interference and diffraction of optical waves) and understand a diversified range of applications in instrumentation and optical measurement techniques and signal processing. Obtain a generic view of certain topics of Modern Optics. 

Working method

Presencial

Pre-requirements (prior knowledge) and co-requirements (common knowledge)

Electromagnetics. Physics of waves.

Program

1. Introduction. Historic development and impact of laser invention.
2. Review of Eletromagnetism. Electromagnetic waves; planar, spherical and cylindric waves; propagation of gaussian wave. Material dispersion. Snell's laws and Fresnel formulas. Total reflection. Waveguide optical waves.
3. Geometrical Optics. Fundamental equations. Fermat's principle. Optical rays equation and its applications.
4. Introduction to optical systems and paraxial optics. Spherical diopter, spherical lens, thin lens. Lens systems and image formation; conjugation and ray tracing. Aperture stop, entrance and exit pupil, field stop. Plane and spherical mirrors. Optical prisms, angular deviation, dispersion and total reflection.
5. Examples of optical systems. Human eye, magnifying glass, microscope, refractive and reflective telescopes.
6. Radiometry and Photometry. Concepts, terms and nomenclature. Lambert's law. Luminous efficiency curve. Characteristics of sources and detectors. Radiometric calculations.
7. Aberrations. Third order geometric aberrations. Chromatic aberrations. Compensation of aberrations.
8. Introduction to matrix analysis of optical systems and software for simulation and design of optical systems.
9. Polarization. Polarized radiation, states of polarization. Partially polarized radiation, coherence matrix. Stokes parameters and vectors, Mueller matrices, Poincaré sphere. Jones' vectors and matrices. Grid polarizers, polaroid. Polarization by reflection and scattering. Propagation in anisotropic media. Fresnel equation, index ellipsoid. Uniaxial media. Refraction between media and polarizers. Retardation plates and compensators. Reference to circular birefringence, photoelasticity, electrooptic effects.
10. Interference. Superposition of waves, interference conditions, interference patterns, fringe visibility. Young's interferometer. Wavefront amplitude division, Haidinger and Fizeau fringes, Newton's rings. Michelson, Twyman-Green, Mach-Zehnder, Sagnac interferometers. Dielectric multilayers, reflectors and anti-reflectors. Fabry-Pérot interferometer.
11. Diffraction. Huygens-Fresnel principle, Helmoltz-Kirchhoff and Rayleigh-Sommerfeld formulations. Diffraction and linear systems theory, impulse response and transfer function. Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction. Diffraction by apertures. Diffraction gratings (amplitude, phase), spectral resolution and efficiency. Fourier transformation and coherent optical processing using lenses. Image formatin with coherent and incoherent radiation, impulse response and transfer function.
12. Coherence. Young's experiment, temporal and spatial coherence. Degree of coherence. Van Cittert-Zernike theorem. Michelson interferometer, continuous spectral source, temporal coherence. Low coherence interferometry.
13. Modern Optics topics.

Mandatory literature

Eugene Hecht; Óptica, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 2002
F.L. Pedrotti, L.S. Pedrotti; Introduction to Optics, Prentice-Hall, 1996
M.V. Klein, Th.E. Furtak; Optics, 2nd ed., Wiley

Complementary Bibliography

M.B. Born, E. Wolf; Principles of Optics , Cambridge University Press, 1999
M. Bass et al (eds) ; Handbook of Optics, vols. I-IV, McGraw-Hill, 1995-2001
J.W. Goodman; Introduction to Fourier Optics, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, 1996
R.D. Guenther; Modern Optics, J. Wiley, 1990

Teaching methods and learning activities

Theoretical classes and practical classes for discussion and solution of problems.

keywords

Physical sciences > Physics > Optics

Evaluation Type

Distributed evaluation with final exam

Assessment Components

designation	Weight (%)
Exame	70,00
Teste	30,00
Total:	100,00

Amount of time allocated to each course unit

designation	Time (hours)
Estudo autónomo	140,00
Frequência das aulas	63,00
Total:	203,00

Eligibility for exams

The student will be excluded from examination when absent of a total of more than one fourth of the problem classes.

Calculation formula of final grade

Three short tests will be made on the TP classes (dates to be anounced with a minimum of one week) and a final exam.
The final grade will be maximized with the grades from tests and exam with the following variations:
Testes- Minimum 15%, maximum 30%
Exame- Minimum 70%, maximum 85%

Classification improvement

Final exam