Optics

Code:

F302

Acronym:

F302

Keywords
Classification	Keyword
OFICIAL	Physics

Instance: 2011/2012 - 2S

Active?	Yes
Responsible unit:	Department of Physics and Astronomy
Course/CS Responsible:	Bachelor in Physics

Cycles of Study/Courses

Acronym	No. of Students	Study Plan	Curricular Years	Credits UCN	Credits ECTS	Contact hours	Total Time
L:AST	2	Plano de Estudos a partir de 2008	3	-	7,5	-
L:B	0	Plano de estudos a partir de 2008	3	-	7,5	-
L:CC	0	Plano de estudos de 2008 até 2013/14	3	-	7,5	-
L:F	22	Plano de estudos a partir de 2008	3	-	7,5	-
L:G	0	P.E - estudantes com 1ª matricula anterior a 09/10	3	-	7,5	-
		P.E - estudantes com 1ª matricula em 09/10	3	-	7,5	-
L:M	0	Plano de estudos a partir de 2009	3	-	7,5	-
L:Q	0	Plano de estudos Oficial	3	-	7,5	-
M:AST	0	Plano de Estudos do Mestrado em Astronomia	1	-	7,5	-
M:DCA	1	P.E. Mestrado em Des. Curricular pela Astronomia	1	-	7,5	-
M:FM	0	PE do Mestrado em Física Médica	1	-	7,5	-
M:FQCE	0	PEoficialMFisicaQuímicaContextoEscolar	1	-	7,5	-
MI:EF	20	Plano de Estudos a partir de 2007	3	-	7,5	-

Teaching language

Portuguese

Objectives

Providing an overview of Classical Optics. Presenting laws and methods of geometrical optics and its applications in optical instrumentation. Addressing the phenomenology and applications of polarization, interference and diffraction of optical waves. Presenting aspects of modern optics relevant to science and technology.

Program

1. Propagation of Light
Revision of concepts about waves. Complex notation. Plane, spherical and cylindrical waves. Revision ofconcepts about electromagnetic waves. Energy and momentum, radiation, propagation in material, electric dipole interaction and dispersion. Electromagnetic spectrum and optics.
Propagation in optical media. Wave fronts and ray optics, reflection and refraction. Huygens' principle. Laws of Snell and Fresnel for dielectrics; total reflection, reflectance and transmittance. Reference to the optical properties of metals and plasmas.

2. Geometrical Optics, Optical Systems, Radiometry and Photometry
Maxwell's Equations in Geometric Optics approximation. Equation of ray optics. Optical path; Lagrange invariant , Fermat's principle. Snell's laws. Concepts on emitting surface, optical system of image formation, object space, image space and optical aperture.
Refractive aspheric and spherical surfaces; diopter; paraxial approximation. Lenses, thin lenses. Combinations of lenses. Openings and pupils. Flat , spherical and aspherical mirrors. Prisms, angular deviation and dispersion, prisms and reflectors. Optical fibers.
Optical systems. Human eye, eye correction. Magnifier. Microscope. Camera. Telescopes. Optics and ray tracing. Cardinal points of an optical system, optical ray tracing. ABCD matrices, applications. Reference to spherical and chromatic aberration.
Radiometry and Photometry. Radiometric and photometric quantities. Lambert Law. CIE luminous efficiency curve. Reference to important sources and detectors.

3. Supporposition of waves
Review of concepts on superposition of monochromatic plane waves of the same or different frequencies. Monochromatic waves with the same orientation, standing waves, beats. Phase and group velocities. Periodic waves and pulses; Fourier analysis, the coherence time.

4. Polarization
Linear, circular and elliptical polarization, non-polarized radiation. Malus law, polarization by reflection, scattering and dichroic absorption. Polaroid. Linear birefringence; phase plates, and compensating birefringent polarizers. Circular birefringence; polarimeter. Reference to photoelastic effects, Pockels and Faraday. Stokes parameters. Jones vectors and matrices.

5. Interference and interferometers
Interference of two plane or spherical waves; interference conditions, visibility of the fringes. Notions of temporal and spatial coherence.
Wave front division Interferometers; Young interferometer; Fresnel biprism and Lloyd mirror .
Amplitude division interferometers; plate of parallel surfaces; Haidinger and Fizeau fringes ; Newton rings, Michelson and Mach-Zehnder interferometers , Sagnac interferometer. Fabry-Pérot interferometer. Reference to multilayer dielectric.

6. Diffraction
Huygens-Fresnel principle. Fraunhofer diffraction through a slit and a rectangular aperture. Resolution of an optical system. Diffraction grating.

7. Coherence
Temporal coherence and spatial coherence. Young's experiment. Degree of coherence, visibility. Van Cittert-Zernike theorem.

8. Topics in Modern Optics
Stimulated emission and the laser. Holography. Non-linear optics.

Mandatory literature

Eugene Hecht; Óptica, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 2002

Complementary Bibliography

F.L. Pedrotti, L.S. Pedrotti; Introduction to Optics, Prentice-Hall, 1996
R.D. Guenther; Modern Optics, J. Wiley, 1990
M.B. Born, E. Wolf; Principles of Optics , Cambridge University Press, 1999
M. Bass et al (eds) ; Handbook of Optics, vols. I-IV, McGraw-Hill, 1995-2001

Teaching methods and learning activities

Theoretical classes and practical classes for discussion and of problems solving. Students will be encouraged to solve specific questions outside the classroom.

Evaluation Type

Distributed evaluation with final exam

Assessment Components

Description	Type	Time (hours)	Weight (%)	End date
Attendance (estimated)	Participação presencial	63,00
	Total:	-	0,00

Eligibility for exams

The student will be excluded from examination when more than one fourth of the theoretical- practical classes occording to artº.101-Estatutos da FCUP).

Calculation formula of final grade

The student may choose to be evaluated in two tests (one interim and one final), or in a final exam. In the first case the student must have a grade not less than 9 points (maximum 20 points) in each test and the average of both test not to be lower than 10 points. Regardless of the classification obtained in the tests, the studente may always have the final exam, and the grade so obtained will be the final grade.