Psychology I

Code:

MD2308

Acronym:

P I

Keywords
Classification	Keyword
OFICIAL	Clinical Psychology

Instance: 2009/2010 - 1S

Active?	Yes
Responsible unit:	Mestrado Integrado
Course/CS Responsible:	Integrated Master in Dental Medicine

Cycles of Study/Courses

Acronym	No. of Students	Study Plan	Curricular Years	Credits UCN	Credits ECTS	Contact hours	Total Time
MIMD	80	PLANO OFICIAL 2007/2008 BOLONHA	2	-	3	45	81

Teaching language

Portuguese

Objectives

Psychology I
Background
Some clinical practitioners and philosophers, today believe that Cartesian line of thought (between body and mind) is outdated. Some anecdotal evidence has been raised concerning the lack of effective treatment for pathologies such as some oro-facial diseases (for instances: chronic temporomandibular disorders or Bruxism) and chronic pain, cancer etc, and that perhaps the cure should not only be centred on the body but also the mind. Medical psychology (related to Clinical Health Psychology, Psychosomatic Medicine, and Behavioral Medicine') is a branch of clinical psychology where clinicians have trained in the biological aspects of mental illness in relation to physical illness, and are usually qualified to prescribe medication; this last aspect varies from country to country. It adopts the biopsychosocial approach to medicine, which revolves around the idea that both the body and mind are indivisible, and that disease and illness are not identical. Continuing with this line of thought, all diseases whether of the mind or of the physical body must be treated as if they have both been affected. The intent of Medical Psychology is to apply knowledge from all branches of social, psychological, and biological medicine in the prevention, assessment, and treatment of all forms of physical illness and the adaptation to illness; specific behavioral, psychotherapeutic, and pharmaceutical methods are used to help the person respond to illness and prevent further illness through matching coping and management skills to the person’s abilities, character, and personality style.

Program

Purpose of Program
A program that focuses on the psychological study of health and illness, and recovery, from the perspective that these phenomena arise from a combination of physical, behavioural, and social conditions. Includes instruction in abnormal and social psychology, psychophysiology, psychopharmacology, learning processes, clinical and behavioural therapies, biopsychosocial modeling, clinical procedures and assessment, preventive education, psychotherapy, rehabilitation processes, and research methods.
(Medical) Psychology is a core discipline in Dentistry Education. Studies human behaviour related with illness and the process of diagnosis and therapeutics. It can be seen in the perspective of the patient and of the dentistry doctor, developing communication and interpersonal relationship skills, as well as studying the cognitive and emotional aspects related with dentistry practice, namely the process of diagnosis and decision making .So, an important contribution of (medical) psychology of the Faculdade de Medicina Dentária curriculum is in the education of dentistry students and patients of Faculdade de Medicina Dentária Clinic`s (psychoeducation) in disease processes. Frequently, such education of the patient and the family insures substantially better adherence to treatment recommendations.

The actual setting of this discipline was established in 2007. The discipline of (Medical) Psychology and his staff offers psychological formation to dentistry students of F.M.D.U.P. and psychological and psychiatric services and treatment to inpatients and outpatients and their families as well as staff within the F.M.D.U.P. It promotes the understanding of the role of psychological and psychosocial factors in the management and prevention of illness, mainly the oral pathologies. Its primary concerns are with dentistry student formation and patient care, evaluation of treatment outcome, research and training. The discipline is trying to successful attract significant external funding for research purposes. Conducting research in an active health setting serves to focus attention on real life presenting problems rather than on issues of primarily theoretical interest which are often studied in academic settings. In the end, the patient benefits, since new procedures which are found to be effective can be built into routine clinical practice. Careful observation, hypothesis formation, understanding of processes and the development of innovative intervention procedures leads directly to improvements in cost-effectiveness of service delivery.

Mandatory literature

• Ridruejo Alonso, P., Medina Léon & Rubio Sánchez JL; Psicología Médica, Editora McGraw – Hill – Interamericana, 1996
Balint, Michael; O Médico, o seu Doente e a Doença, Climepsi Editores, Lisboa, 1998
Balint, Enid; Norell, J.S.; Seis Minutos para o Doente – Interacções em Consulta de Clínica Geral, Climepsi Editores, Lisboa, 1998
American Psychiatric Association; Mini DSM-IV-TR, Climepsi Editores, Lisboa, 2002
Pio de Abreu, JL; Introdução à Psicopatologia compreensiva, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Lisboa, 2008 (5ª edição actualizada)

Complementary Bibliography

Rankin JA. & Harris MB; Patients' preferences for dentists' behaviors, JADA; 110: 323-7, 1995
Spyrides GM et al; Uma nova abordagem na clínica odontológica.; a saúde holística, Rev. Brasil. Odonto.; L (6): 14-7, 1993
Collette HA; Influence of dentist-patient relationship on attitudes and adjustment to dental treatment, JADA; 70:879-84. , 1969
Gale EN. et al; Effects of dentist's behavior on patient's attitudes, JADA; 109 (3): 425-444. , 1984
Gerbert B et al; Dentists and patients who love them: professional and dentist-patient views of dentistry, JADA; 125 (3): 264-72. , 1994
Poulos SH; weapons: why dentists aren't super successful, Dental Econom; 86 (10): 62-66, 1996

Teaching methods and learning activities

Coursework
All students in the Psychology Program must complete a series of required curricular units:
• Present time and framing of Psychology in the scope of Medical Sciences.
• Psychology as a scientific course unit: the field of Psychology, sources of psychological knowledge. Roots of contemporary Psychology. Social Psychology.
• Brain Theory and Cognitive Psychology.
• Developmental Psychology.
• Personality Theory.
• Men Evolution, Physiology and Behavior.
• Systemic approach: the new scientific paradigm, a language for self-organisation of living organisms.
• Concept of Stress and General Adaptation Syndrome.
• Pain in Psychology: from nociception to syndrome.
• Appreciation and functionality of Bio-psycho-social Model.
• Anamnesis in Medical Psychology: from behavioural interactions to symptoms as desadaptative answers.
• Psychological semiology as a complement and enrichment of medical semiology: Medical Psychology as propedeutics of a Science of Interpersonal Relationships.
• Clinical interview. Complementary medical exams.
• Relationship doctor-patient as educational process in human relationships. Aim: to study subjective elements which determine the doctor and the patient in an objective meeting.
• Principles of Psychopathology: emotional, behavioural and perception disorders. Examples applied to clinical practice.
• Psychofarmacology (Principles of Psychopharmacology: Benzodiazepines and Antidepressants, action, indication and counter-indication mechanisms in Dental Medicine);
• Psychotherapies (Psychological therapy and its functionality in clinical practice).
So the Psychology Program exist:
• To provide future dentists with theoretical knowledge and practical skills which represent a good contribution to their psychological training?
• To demonstrate the natural symbiosis between Dental Medicine and Health Psychology.
• Provide education on the different domains of Medical Psychology.
• To show the potential of psychological interventions when complementing pharmacological therapy.
Theoretical explanation of the subjects: weekly theoretical class of 1 hour. Group work. Specific theoretical/practical classes: prepared by the students, as a means to extend knowledge on some subject units. •Practical classes are expected within the scope of the present curricula.
Students have a final exam and succeeded when they get at least 9.5 points. Students can also be subject to an oral exam, in accordance with the assessment rules of the FMDUP.
The structure of the final exam is: the first part is composed by 10 multiple choice questions and the last part implies a more extensive explanation of two subjects out of three allowed.
The exam includes required questions on general course work, during the 2 semesters of study and also take electives throughout their graduate training. The goal of course work is to ensure that each student is knowledgeable in the areas of: biological bases of behaviour, cognitive-affective bases of behaviour, social and cultural bases of behaviour, and individual behaviour.
The actual study plan is rather innovative; it changes the different areas of dentistry knowledge division, the co-ordination of actions of the different teaching staff groups and places more emphasis on a more global university experience, in order to prepare dentistry professionals closer to reality.
No matter the kind of pedagogical methodology and strategies to be used during the course, the degree will be composed of 6 ECTS for the theoretical courses and for the practical courses.

Evaluation Type

Distributed evaluation with final exam

Assessment Components

Description	Type	Time (hours)	Weight (%)	End date
Attendance (estimated)	Participação presencial	0,00
	Total:	-	0,00

Observations

Bibliography

• Kendler, H. “Psicologia Geral”. Fund. Calouste Gulbenkian, Lisboa (2 volumes). Wittaker, JO “Psicologia”. Ed. Interamericana, México.
• Moor, L. “Elements de Psychologie Médicale de la pratique quotidiene”. Ed. Masson, Paris, 1972.
• Ridruejo Alonso, P.,Medina Léon & Rubio Sánchez JL: “Psicología Médica”, Editora McGraw – Hill – Interamericana, 1996.
• Berge M, Veerkamp J & Hoogstraten J. “Dentists’ behavior in response to child dental fear. J Dent Children, 1999, Jan-Feb:36-40.
• Kan M, Ishikawa T & Nagasaka N. “A study of psychological stress created in dentists by children during pediatric dental treatment”. J Dent Children 1999, Jan-Feb: 41-48.
• Ram D, Mamber E & Fucks AB. “The effect of metaclopramide and hydroxysine in sedation of infants undergoing dental treatment”. J Dent Children 1999, Jan-Feb: 49-52.
• Adriano Vaz Serra. “O Stress na vida de todos os dias”. Coimbra, ed. Do autor,1999.
• Freeman R. “The common sense approach”. British Dent J 1999;186:450-452. Freeman R. “A psychodynamic understanding of the dentist-patient interaction”. British Dent J 1999;186:503-506.
• Riley JL, Robison ME, Wise EA, Campbell LC, Kashikar-Zuck S, Gremillion HÁ. “Predicting treatment compliance following facial pain evaluation”. J of Craniomandibular Practice 1999;17:9-16.
• Bornas X, Llabres J, Noguera M, Lopez AM, Barcelo F, Tortella-Feliu M, Fullana MA. "Looking at the heart of low and high heart rate variability fearful flyers: self-reported anxiety when confronting feared stimuli. Biol Psychol. 2005 Dec;70(3):182-7. Epub 2005 Mar 2.
• Savanheimo N. Vehkalahti MM, Pihakari A, Numminen M. Reasons for and parental satisfaction with children's dental care under general anaesthesia. Int. J. Paediatr. dent. 2005 Nov;15(6):448-54.
• Eli I. Behavioural interventions could reduce dental anxiety and improve dental attendance in adults. Evid Based Dent. 2005;6(2):46.
• Wogelius P. Poulsen S. Associations between dental anxiety, dental treatment due to toothache, and missed dental appointments among six to eight-year-old Danish children: a cross-sectional study. Acta Odontol Scand. 2005 Jun;63(3):179-82.
• Van Wijk AJ, Hoogstraten J. Experience with dental pain and fear of dental pain. J Dent Res. 2005 Oct;84(10):947-50.
• Campbell C, Hosey MT, McHugh S. Facilitating coping behavior in children prior to dental general anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. Paediatr Anaesth. 2005 Oct;15(10):831-8.
• Yamalik N. Dentist-patient relationship and quality care 3. Communication. Int Dent J. 2005 Aug;55(4):254-6.
• Folayan MO, Fatusi A. Effect of psychological management techniques on specific item score change during the management of dental fear in children. J Clin Pedistr Dent. 2005 Summer;29(4):335-40.
• Citron Cl. Should the parents be present during the pediatric exam? Dent Today. 2005 Jul;24(7):10;author reply 14.


University Clinic of Medical Psychology and Mental Health (F.M.D.U.P.)
Contacts
• Address: Faculdade de Medicina Dentária - Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva 4200-393 Porto Portugal
• Telephone number: (351) 220 901 100
• Fax: (351) 225 507 375
• E-mail: fmd_up@mail.pt and mariolourenzo@hotmail.com
Director & present Teaching Staff
Mário Fernando Ferreira Lourenço, MD PhD

NOTE: the scientific area of this Curricular Unity is Clinical Psychology