Physiology II

Code:

MIMD020201

Acronym:

FISIO II

Keywords
Classification	Keyword
OFICIAL	Medicine

Instance: 2023/2024 - 2S

Active?	Yes
Responsible unit:	Mestrado Integrado
Course/CS Responsible:	Integrated Master in Dental Medicine

Cycles of Study/Courses

Acronym	No. of Students	Study Plan	Curricular Years	Credits UCN	Credits ECTS	Contact hours	Total Time
MIMD	76	Official Plan from the academic year 2020/2021	2	-	4	63	108
		NÃO INSCREVER - Plano exclusivo para uso administrativo	2	-	4	63	108

Teaching language

Portuguese

Objectives

The aims are common to Physiology I and II, complementary UCs. The student must become familiar with the primary and secondary functions of large systems (Fisiologia II: Nervous, Endocrine, Gastrointestinal e Reproductive), through their mechanisms of action. And also understand the relationships between them and the importance of each one for homeostasis. They must understand the differences and complementarity between the 2 main controllers of body functions, nervous and endocrine systems, with a special approach to the latter.

Learning outcomes and competences

Acquisition of fundamental knowledge of Physiology, particularly in the areas of Physiology of Nervous System, Endocrine Physiology, Gastrointestinal Physiology, Reproductive Physiology and Blood Physiology. 

Acquisition of essential skills, understanding that each type of cell has a specific composition and function that will be decisive for the tissue it forms. In turn, the type of tissue constituted will be important for the organ function. Molecular changes in cells may influence the organ function and thus organ system, which may positively or negatively affect the organism. Understand the systems studied with emphasis on the respective homeostatic mechanisms.

Acquisition of fundamental skills, namely critical thinking, communication and the ability to work in a team.

The approach to the great physiological systems in man, with strong interactions between them, demonstrates to students very clearly the importance of homeostasis. The strong focus on practical classes of computer simulation and simulation in a medical simulator (robot Simman 3G etc.) of the operation of large systems, with the student introducing the values of the system variables and inferring their consequences on the body. This is a versatile way to simulate the real conditions of the healthy individual and to predict the dysfunction/disease when these variables exceed certain limits. The student will also learn to evaluate real measurements.

Working method

Presencial

Pre-requirements (prior knowledge) and co-requirements (common knowledge)

Cellular and Molecular Biology, Systematic Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Biochemistry, Physiology I...

Program

Blood physiology: blood components and functions; erythrocyte sedimentation rate; hematocrit; anemia and polycythemia; primary and secondary hemostasis; primary and secondary hemostasis tests.

Physiology of the nervous system: organization and cells of the nervous system; synapses and neurotransmitters; sensory receptors and neuronal circuits for information processing; electrochemical bases of neuronal transmission; somatic sensations; sensation of touch, body position, pain and thermal: vision, hearing, taste and smell; autonomic nervous system; neurological examination: mental status, cranial nerves, motor and sensory functions.

Physiology of the endocrine system: introduction to endocrinology; pituitary hormones and their control by the hypothalamus; thyroid hormones; adrenal hormones; insulin, glucagon and Diabetes mellitus; parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, calcium and phosphate; bones and teeth.

Gastrointestinal Physiology: integrated gastrointestinal response to a meal; cephalic, oral and esophageal phase; process and control of salivation and swallowing; gastric phase; gastric secretion and motility; exogenous pancreas; small intestine; large intestine; intestinal motility; anus; hepatic physiology and bile ducts; digestion and absorption; regulation of gastrointestinal function.

Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins; metabolic rate; temperature regulation.

Reproductive system physiology: male reproductive system; female reproductive system; fertilization, pregnancy and lactation; fetal and neonatal physiology.

The different cells and molecules in an individual's body age or change and must therefore be replaced; during these processes, part of this chemical material is lost and must be replaced by new materials found in food; the processes of digestion and absorption are therefore vital in maintaining the homeostasis of the human body and in the functional balance of the major systems, which in turn play an important role in digestion; the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins absorbed as a result of digestion allow the growth and maintenance of the human body. All these processes are regulated by the control and integration systems, presented with special emphasis on the endocrine and nervous system in order to help the student to understand homeostasis in health and its deregulation in disease. Examples of some pathologies and their relationship with Dentistry.

Physiological aspects of aging, namely the Nervous, Endocrine, Gastrointestinal, Reproductive and Blood systems

Mandatory literature

Hall, John E.; Guyton and Hall Textbook of medical physiology, 13th ed. John E. Hall, Elsevier Saunders, 2016. ISBN: 978-1-4160-4574-8
Robert M. Berne; Physiology. ISBN: 0-3230-3390-3

Teaching methods and learning activities

Theoretical classes are the most feasible way of transmitting to many students the characteristics and working mechanisms of the great physiological systems.

In theoretical-practical classes, more than the descriptive enumeration of the mode of operation, it will be tried to stimulate the in-depth study of these topics by highlighting the particularities and interactions between systems using clinical cases and questions.

In practical classes, students work in groups of 2-3 in order to encourage discussion of topics and teamwork. Throughout the UC and in parallel with the theoretical approach, they are led to simulate, in a computer or in a medical simulator (robot Simman 3G), the variations of the physiological and biochemical parameters of the various systems, comparing the results obtained with the predictions made based on the theoretical knowledge. At the end of each practical class, students respond individually to a short questionnaire about what happened in the class in order to assess their participation and degree of learning. In parallel (it takes place throughout the semester) each group of students prepares the presentation of a topic of a complementary subject to the subjects covered in the theoretical classes and deepens their relationship with Dentistry (work of the practical component). It is intended to train and evaluate the skills of elaboration and oral presentation, cementing knowledge and stimulating its transmission. With this type of oral assessment, it is also intended to offer a wide range of assessment methods, in addition to QEM and short-answer questions.

Evaluation Type

Distributed evaluation with final exam

Assessment Components

Designation	Weight (%)
Exame	75,00
Teste	15,00
Trabalho prático ou de projeto	10,00
Total:	100,00

Amount of time allocated to each course unit

Designation	Time (hours)
Estudo autónomo	45,00
Frequência das aulas	63,00
Apresentação/discussão de um trabalho científico	10,00
Total:	118,00

Eligibility for exams

According to the General Regulation for Student Assessment of the University of Porto a student is considered to have attended a course unit if having been regularly enrolled, he or she does not exceed the limit number of absences corresponding to 25% of the scheduled classes, as regulated in the organic unit. Students who pass the practical component are admitted to the exam.

Calculation formula of final grade

The evaluation is made by the sum of the grade obtained in the practical component (5 values) and by the grade obtained in the theoretical exam (15 values).

In the Theoretical Assessment, the student can choose to perform frequencies (2) or the final exam. The 1st frequency takes place during the interim week and the 2nd frequency coincides with the final exam of the normal season. Students who obtain at least 40% of the maximum grade of that frequency are exempt from assessment in the final exam of the 1st frequency. The final exam (or frequencies) consists of a multiple choice test. Students who pass the theoretical exam (or the sum of the two frequencies) must obtain a grade equal to or greater than 7.5/15. Attendance at theoretical classes (Thursday) will be rewarded with a bonus.

It is a condition of admission to the exam to pass the practical component. The Practical Assessment is made by the sum of the theoretical-practical mini-tests (3 values) and the presentation (~25 slides, 20 minutes) of a work (2 values). Students who obtain a grade equal to or greater than 1.5/3 in the theoretical-practical tests, 3/4 in practical classes and presentation of the work are approved in the practical component. Theoretical-practical mini-tests are carried out at the end of each practical class at ICBAS UP.

The appeal exam covers the entire subject.

Classification improvement

Exam.