Natural and Synthetic Flavylium-Based Dyes: The Chemistry Behind the Color

• Type: Another Publication in an International Scientific Journal
• Date: 2022

Authors

Luis Cruz (Author) FCUP; Basilio, N (Author) Other; Nuno Mateus (Author) FCUP; Victor de Freitas (Author) FCUP; Pina, F (Author) Other

Journal

Title: Chemical Reviews

Vol. 122

Pages: 1416-1481

ISSN: 0009-2665

Publisher: American Chemical Society

Indexing

ISI Web of Knowledge - 126 Citations

Scopus - 131 Citations

Other information

Authenticus ID: P-00V-VY9

DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00399

Abstract (EN): Flavylium compounds are a well-known family of pigments because they are prevalent in the plant kingdom, contributing to colors over a wide range from shades of yellow-red to blue in fruits, flowers, leaves, and other plant parts. Flavylium compounds include a large variety of natural compound classes, namely, anthocyanins, 3deoxyanthocyanidins, auronidins, and their respective aglycones as well as anthocyaninderived pigments (e.g., pyranoanthocyanins, anthocyanin-flavan-3-ol dimers). During the past few decades, there has been increasing interest among chemists in synthesizing different flavylium compounds that mimic natural structures but with different substitution patterns that present a variety of spectroscopic characteristics in view of their applications in different industrial fields. This Review provides an overview of the chemistry of flavylium-based compounds, in particular, the synthetic and enzymatic approaches and mechanisms reported in the literature for obtaining different classes of pigments, their physical-chemical properties in relation to their pH-dependent equilibria network, and their chemical and enzymatic degradation. The development of flavylium-based systems is also described throughout this Review for emergent applications to explore some of the physical-chemical properties of the multistate of species generated by these compounds.

Language: English

Type (Professor's evaluation): Scientific

No. of pages: 66