Fate and behaviour of acetaminophen, 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol and carbamazepine in aqueous solution

• Type: Article in International Scientific Journal
• Date: 2020

Authors

Santos, AJM (Author) Other; Cardoso, CSG (Author) Other; Mota, AAR (Author) Other; Belmonte, PRH (Author) Other; Oliveira, MACG (Author) Other; Joaquim C G E Esteves da Silva (Author) FCUP

Journal

Title: Water Science and Technology

Vol. 81

Pages: 395-409

ISSN: 0273-1223

Publisher: IWA PUBLISHING

Indexing

ISI Web of Knowledge - 0 Citations

Scopus - 0 Citations

Other information

Authenticus ID: P-00S-1W9

DOI: 10.2166/wst.2020.121

Abstract (EN): Pharmaceuticals are invaluable tools for the prevention and treatment of human and animal diseases. Human evolution led to the increase of life expectancy, which promoted the increase of consumption of pharmaceuticals. These compounds are consistently detected in superficial waters, and whilst degradation processes are expected to mitigate their levels, they also induce the formation of potentially harmful by-products. The compounds studied in this work were acetaminophen, 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol and carbamazepine. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet diode-array detection was used to follow the degradation reactions, whilst liquid chromatography associated with ultraviolet diode-array detection and mass spectrometry was applied in the determination of by-products. Ethynylestradiol proved to be the most reactive (t(1/2) = 38.6 +/- 1.9 seconds) and carbamazepine the least reactive (t(1/2) = 481.4 +/- 16.7 minutes) when exposed to active chlorine. In relation to disinfection by-products, two monochlorinated analogues were detected for acetaminophen, one monochlorinated for carbamazepine, and one mono- and one trichlorinated for ethynylestradiol. Chlorine levels and water pH proved to be the most influential variables on the degradation of the compounds, with and without dissolved organic matter in solution. All pharmaceuticals displayed significant photostability towards artificial solar radiation, with acetaminophen being slightly more stable.

Language: English

Type (Professor's evaluation): Scientific

No. of pages: 15